Neural Control Nervous System Functions (Neurons) Sensory input Detect & receive Internal or external Integration Process & interpret Motor output Muscles.

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Presentation transcript:

Neural Control

Nervous System Functions (Neurons) Sensory input Detect & receive Internal or external Integration Process & interpret Motor output Muscles & glands

Nerve Pathway Stimulus Sensory Neurons Interneurons Motor Neurons EffectorsResponse

Nervous System Types Nerve Net Cnidarians Sensory neurons in epidermis Motor neurons in all tissues

Nervous System Types Ladder-Like Plathyhelminthes Long nerves Ganglia (“brain”) Integration

Nervous System Types Advanced Invertebrates More advanced Cephalized Brain Ventral nerve cord Branching nerves

Nervous System Types Vertebrate More advanced Many more neurons 1 million in insects Vertebrates 1,000-1 billion more! Two divisions Central nervous system Peripheral nervous system

Nerve Cells Neuron Primary cell type Conducts impulses Neuroglial Support/nourish neuron Non-excitatory 9:1 ratio

Neuroglial Cells—CNS

Neuroglial Cells—PNS

Neurons Characteristics Excitable Longevity High Metabolic Rate Sometimes Large Amitotic May Regenerate

Neurons Sensory (afferent) Detects stimuli Carry signal to CNS Interneuron (association) Transmit between neurons in CNS Motor (efferent) Carry signal to muscle or gland

Neurons Axon Soma Dendrite Myelin sheath Axon terminal Synapse

Neurons Myelin Sheath Insulating Myelinated transmit faster

Neurons Synapse Chemical Electrical

Neurotransmitters Acetylcholine Most common Neuromuscular junction Norepinephrine Involuntary functions Dopamine Many functions Behavior & mental ability Serotonin Mood Sleep

Nerve Impulse Resting potential Na + higher outside of cell K + higher inside of cell

Nerve Impulse

Sodium gates open Sodium moves into cell Action potential starts Potassium gates open Potassium moves out of cell Electrical charges across membrane switch “Wave” of charge moves along axon

Nerve Impulse Myelinated axons transmit signal faster

Nerve Impulse All-or-nothing Refractory period Cannot respond to signal

Central Nervous System Brain & spinal cord White matter—myelinated Grey matter—unmyelinated Meninges Cerebrospinal fluid

Central Nervous System Brain Alligator—0.003% body weight Sperm whale—0.06% Rat—0.5% Human—2%

Brain Cerebrum Integrates & analyzes Frontal lobe—motor control Parietal lobe—sensory from body Occipital lobe—vision Temporal lobe—hearing, emotions

Brain Thalamus Relay station Memories, emotions Hypothalamus Homeostasis Sleep, sex, thirst, etc. Medulla Oblongata Heart rate, breathing, blood pressure Involuntary muscle contractions

Brain Pons Fine-tune breathing Hearing/sight reflexes Cerebellum Coordinate movement Gordon Weebles

Brain Limbic System Learning Memory Fear & pleasure Facial expressions

Peripheral Nervous System Cranial & spinal nerves

Peripheral Nervous System 12 pairs Cranial Nerves 31 pairs Spinal Nerves

Peripheral Nervous System Somatic Sensory signals to skeletal muscle Synapses in brain or spinal cord Reflexes

Peripheral Nervous System Reflex arc

Peripheral Nervous System Autonomic Involuntary Cardiac muscle Smooth muscle Glands

Autonomic Nervous System Sympathetic “Fight or flight” Excitement Exercise Emergency Embarassment Parasympathetic “Rest & digest” Digestion Defecation Diuresis

Autonomic Nervous System OrganParasympatheticSympathetic Eye (pupil)ConstrictDilate GlandsStimulates secretionInhibits secretion Heart muscleSlows & steadies rateIncreases rate & force LungsConstricts bronchiolesDilates bronchioles Digestive tractIncreases digestionDecreases digestion BladderPromotes voidingInhibits voiding Mental activityNo effectIncreases alertness

Autonomic Nervous System

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