1 Anxiety, Dissociative, Somatoform and Personality Disorders Module 37

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OCD & Anxiety Disorders: Crash Course Psychology #29 XXG5ohttps:// XXG5o 3

4 Psychological Disorders Anxiety Disorders Overview  Generalized Anxiety Disorder  Panic Disorder  Phobias  Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder  Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder  Explaining Anxiety Disorders

5 Anxiety Disorders Feelings of excessive apprehension and anxiety. 1.Generalized anxiety disorder 2.Panic disorder 3.Phobias 4.Obsessive-compulsive disorder 5.Post-traumatic stress disorder

6 Generalized Anxiety Disorder 1.Persistent and uncontrollable tenseness and apprehension. 2.Autonomic arousal. 3.Inability to identify or avoid the cause of certain feelings. Symptoms

7 Panic Disorder Minutes-long episodes of intense dread which may include feelings of terror, chest pains, choking, or other frightening sensations. Anxiety is a component of both disorders. It occurs more in the panic disorder, making people avoid situations that cause it. link Symptoms

8 Phobias Marked by a persistent and irrational fear of an object or situation that disrupts behavior.

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13 Kinds of Phobias Phobia of blood.Hemophobia Phobia of closed spaces Phobia of closed spaces Link. Claustrophobia Phobia of heights link.Acrophobia Phobia of open places.Agoraphobia Arachnophobia at National Geographic Link

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16 Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Persistence of repetitive thoughts (obsessions) and urges to engage in repetitive behaviors (compulsions) that cause distress. ClipClip

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18 A PET scan of the brain of a person with Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD). High metabolic activity (red) in the frontal lobe areas are involved with directing attention. LinkLink 45:08 Brain Imaging Brain image of an OCD patient

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20 Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Four or more weeks of the following symptoms constitute post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD): 1.Haunting memories 2.Nightmares 3.Social withdrawal 4.Jumpy anxiety 5.Sleep problems Bettmann/ Corbis

21 Resilience to PTSD Only about 10% of women and 20% of men react to traumatic situations and develop PTSD. Holocaust survivors show remarkable resilience to traumatic situations. All major religions of the world suggest that surviving a trauma leads to the growth of an individual.

22 Explaining Anxiety Disorders Freud suggested that we repress our painful and intolerable ideas, feelings, and thoughts, resulting in anxiety. There are 2 main perspectives, Learning and Biological. LinkLink 58:32

23 The Learning Perspective Learning theorists suggest that fear conditioning leads to anxiety. When anxiety then becomes associated with other objects or events (stimulus generalization) and is reinforced. John Coletti/ Stock, Boston

24 The Learning Perspective Investigators believe that fear responses are initiated through observational learning. Young monkeys develop fear when they watch other monkeys who are afraid of snakes.

25 The Biological Perspective Natural Selection has led our ancestors to learn to fear snakes, spiders, and other animals. Therefore, fear preserves the species. Twin studies suggest that our genes may be partly responsible for developing fears and anxiety. Twins are more likely to share phobias.

26 The Biological Perspective Generalized anxiety, panic attacks, and even OCD are biologically measurable and linked with brain circuits like the anterior cingulate cortex. Anterior Cingulate Cortex of an OCD patient. S. Ursu, V.A. Stenger, M.K. Shear, M.R. Jones, & C.S. Carter (2003). Overactive action monitoring in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Psychological Science, 14,

27 Somatoform Disorders Somatoform Disorders Overview  Somatoform Disorders  Conversion Disorder  Hypochondriasis

28 Somatoform Disorders Psychological problems in which there are symptoms of a physical disorder without a physical cause.

29 Conversion Disorder A somatoform disorder in which a person displays blindness, deafness, or other symptoms of sensory or motor failure without a physical cause.

30 Conversion disorders Tend to appear when a person is under severe stress. Often help reduce that stress by allowing the person to avoid unpleasant or threatening situations. The person may show remarkably little concern about what is apparently a rather serious problem. Finally, the symptoms may be neurologically impossible or improbable

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32 Hypochondriasis A somatoform disorder involving strong, unjustified fear of having (VS getting) physical illness.

33 Psychological Disorders Dissociative and Personality Disorders Overview  Dissociative Disorders  Personality Disorders

34 Dissociative Disorders Conscious awareness becomes separated (dissociated) from previous memories, thoughts, and feelings. Symptoms 1.Having a sense of being unreal. 2.Being separated from the body. 3.Watching yourself as if in a movie.

Schizophrenia & Dissociative Disorders: Crash Course Psychology #32 pRdzU&index=32&list=PL8dPuuaLjXtOPR KzVLY0jJY-uHOH9KVU6https:// pRdzU&index=32&list=PL8dPuuaLjXtOPR KzVLY0jJY-uHOH9KVU6 35

36 Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID) A disorder in which a person exhibits two or more distinct and alternating personalities, formerly called multiple personality disorder. Link Link Chris Sizemore (DID) Lois Bernstein/ Gamma Liason

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39 DID Critics Critics argue that the diagnosis of DID increased in the late 20 th century. DID has not been found in other countries. Critics’ Arguments 1.Role-playing by people open to a therapist’s suggestion. 2.Learned response that reinforces reductions in anxiety.

40 Personality Disorders Personality disorders are characterized by inflexible and enduring behavior patterns that impair social functioning. Link 58:55 Link

41 Antisocial Personality Disorder A disorder in which the person (usually men) exhibits a lack of conscience for wrongdoing, even toward friends and family members. LinkLink 6:29 Formerly, this person was called a sociopath or psychopath.

I do not know if this is kid safe, I have not watched all of it. Psychopath BBC documentary Full Documentary 48:54 9lVbA 42

“Psychiatrists, like the rest of us, have also been fascinated with psychopaths. Clinicians have written about psychopaths since the birth of psychiatry in the early 1800s.“ 43

Fact: There are over 29,000,000 psychopaths worldwide. The Psychopath Whisperer: The Science of Those Without Conscience by Kent A. Kiehl PhD 44

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46 "I have no desire whatever to reform myself. My only desire is to reform people who try to reform me, and I believe the only way to reform people is to kill 'em. My motto is: Rob 'em all, rape 'em all, and kill 'em all.“ »Carl Panzram

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Psychopath assessment The one thing that was known was that psychopaths were at very high risk to reoffend. An inmate who scored high on the Psychopathy Checklist was four to eight times more likely than an inmate who scored low to reoffend in the next five years. 50

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Dr. Robert D. Hare is now known as the modern father of the field of psychopathy. In 2010, he was awarded the Order of Canada, one of the highest civilian honors bestowed by the country, for his scientific and community efforts developing the Psychopathy 52

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Spree Killers are psychopaths right? For the vast majority of spree killer cases, the answer is no—the offender was not a psychopath. Most killing sprees are committed by individuals who suffer from psychosis, not psychopathy. Recall that psychosis is a fragmentation of the thinking processes in the brain that leads to symptoms like hallucinations and delusions. Kent A. Kiehl PhD 54

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“As there are persons who cannot distinguish certain colors, having what is called color blindness, and others who, having no ear for music, cannot distinguish one tune from another, so there are some few who are congenitally deprived of moral sense.” –Henry Maudsley 56

He was so nice, I can’t imagine why he is in prison” or “If that guy was on the outside, I’d get a beer with him.” The psychopath often comes off as quick witted, even likable, but the listeners’ “gut” feelings detect that there is something not quite right about the individual. 57

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A psychopath would! Selling cigarettes to pregnant women…. 59

60 Understanding Antisocial Personality Disorder Like mood disorders and schizophrenia, antisocial personality disorder has biological and psychological basis. Link Link The brain of a serial killer

61 Understanding Antisocial Personality Disorder PET scans of 41 murderers revealed reduced activity in the frontal lobes. In a follow-up study, violent repeat offenders had 11% less frontal lobe tissue than normal (Raine et al., 1999; 2000). Normal Murderer Courtesy of Adrian Raine, University of Southern California

“One of the most telling aspects of the letters is that none of the children are described as normal from birth. Parents say they noticed something different, odd, or abnormal about the child from the very beginning.“ –Kent A. Kiehl PhD 62

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Insanity is a concept discussed in court to help distinguish guilt from innocence. It's informed by mental health professionals, but the term today is primarily legal, not psychological. There's no "insane" diagnosis listed in the DSM. 64

Insanity is a LEGAL concept Insanity: mental illness of such a severe nature that a person cannot distinguish fantasy from reality, cannot conduct her/his affairs due to psychosis, or is subject to uncontrollable impulsive behavior. 65

“Mens Rea” In the U.S., a person cannot be held responsible for a crime if he/she did not possess a “guilty mind” (mens rea) at the time the criminal act was committed. 66

In the thirteenth century, Bracton, the first medieval jurist to deal with the subject of insanity and crime, stated, "For a crime is not committed unless the will to harm be present.“ The earliest documented case of a jury acquittal on grounds of unsound mind occurred in

NGRI Not Guilty by Reason of Insanity. 68

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NGRI ….female defendants were more likely to be found NGRI than men (38.5% vs. 26.9%). The explanations for this finding are not immediately obvious… 70

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Wade and Tavris © 2005 Prentice Hall Emotions and Antisocial Personality Disorder People with APD were slow to develop classically conditioned responses to anger, pain, or shock. Such responses indicate normal anxiety.

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