Semantic Interoperability & Semantic Models: Introduction Dr. Leo Obrst MITRE Information Semantics Center for Innovative Computing & Informatics March 27, 2017

Tightness of Coupling & Semantic Explicitness Explicit, Loose Far Performance = k / Integration_Flexibility Modal Policies Internet Semantic Mappings Semantic Brokers OWL-S Agent Programming RDF/S, OWL Peer-to-peer Semantics Explicitness Web Services: UDDI, WSDL Web Services: SOAP XML, XML Schema Data Applets Community Application N-Tier Architecture EAI Workflow Ontologies Same Intranet Conceptual Models Middleware Web Enterprise Data Marts Same Wide Area Network Client-Server Data Warehouses Same Local Area Network Federated DBs Distributed Systems OOP Systems of Systems Same DBMS Same OS Same Address Space Same CPU Linking From Synchronous Interaction to Asynchronous Communication Same Programming Language Same Process Space Compiling 1 System: Small Set of Developers Local Implicit, TIGHT Looseness of Coupling

Semantic Integration Implies Semantic Composition Complex Semantic Model, Knowledge, System Integration & Composition Unification of complex networks of graph Structures, with complex reasoning, complex Semantic Web ontologies: Complexity  Simple Semantic Model, Knowledge Integration & Composition Unification of tree or graph structures, with reasoning, simple Semantic Web ontologies:  2010 Simple Syntactic Object Integration & Composition Alignment of embedded interface definition language statements mapping two CORBA, Javabean objects 2005 1998 Time Simple Procedure Integration & Composition Concatenation, alignment of calling Procedure with called procedure: Caller: Do_this (integer: 5, string: “sales”) Called: Do_this (integer: X, string: Y) 1960  - signifies the composition operation

Dimensions of Interoperability & Integration Our interest lies here Community Enterprise 6 Levels of Interoperability System Semantic Application Component Syntactic Structural Object Data 3 Kinds of Integration 0% 100% Interoperability Scale

Ontology Spectrum strong semantics Logical Theory Conceptual Model Modal Logic First Order Logic Logical Theory Is Disjoint Subclass of with transitivity property Description Logic From less to more expressive DAML+OIL, OWL UML Conceptual Model Is Subclass of RDF/S Semantic Interoperability XTM Extended ER Thesaurus Has Narrower Meaning Than ER DB Schemas, XML Schema Structural Interoperability Taxonomy Is Sub-Classification of Relational Model, XML Syntactic Interoperability weak semantics 1

Ontology Spectrum strong semantics Logical Theory Conceptual Model Modal Logic First Order Logic Problem: Very General Semantic Expressivity: Very High Problem: Local Semantic Expressivity: Low Problem: General Semantic Expressivity: Medium Semantic Expressivity: High Logical Theory Is Disjoint Subclass of with transitivity property Description Logic From less to more expressive DAML+OIL, OWL UML Conceptual Model Is Subclass of RDF/S Semantic Interoperability XTM Extended ER Thesaurus Has Narrower Meaning Than ER DB Schemas, XML Schema Structural Interoperability Taxonomy Is Sub-Classification of Relational Model, XML Syntactic Interoperability weak semantics 1

Backup

Ontology Spectrum strong semantics Logic Spectrum will cover this area Modal Logic First Order Logic Logical Theory Is Disjoint Subclass of with transitivity property Description Logic From less to more expressive DAML+OIL, OWL UML Conceptual Model Is Subclass of RDF/S Semantic Interoperability XTM Extended ER Thesaurus Has Narrower Meaning Than ER DB Schemas, XML Schema Structural Interoperability Taxonomy Is Sub-Classification of Relational Model, XML Syntactic Interoperability weak semantics 1

Higher Order Logic (HOL) Second Order Logic (SOL) Logic Spectrum: Classical Logics: PL to HOL most expressive SOL + Complex Types + Higher-order Predicates (i.e., those that take one or more other predicates as arguments) Higher Order Logic (HOL) From less to more expressive Logics Second Order Logic (SOL) Modal Predicate Logic (Quantified Modal Logic) FOL + Quantifiers (, ) over Predicates FOL + Modal operators First-Order Logic (FOL): Predicate Logic, Predicate Calculus PL + Predicates + Functions + Individuals + Quantifiers (, ) over Individuals Logic Programming (Horn Clauses) Syntactic Restriction of FOL Description Logics Decidable fragments of FOL: unary predicates (concepts) & binary relations (roles) [max 3 vars] Modal Propositional Logic PL + Modal operators (, ): necessity/possibility, obligatory/permitted, future/past, etc. Axiomatic systems: K, D, T, B, S4, S5 Propositional Logic (PL) Substructural Logics: focus on structural rules Propositions (True/False) + Logical Connectives (, , , , ) less expressive 1