Vaccine Basics Growing Herd Mature Herd

Understand What We’re Up Against How are cattle (the ultimate recyclers) raised? over 90 million cattle in U.S. … 50% from herds less than 30 … 90% beef & 10% dairy … of the beef … 2 years from birth to food supply 40% in breeding herds 30% grazing 30% harvested each year ALL in OPEN AIR ENVIROMENT !!! … wildlife deer, coyotes, raccoons, birds, rodents, insects, …

Cattle Health / Disease Prevention … in the “real world” Cattle Health / Disease Prevention … in the “real world”? Can you say “A-RITS”

Biosecurity Basics for Livestock Operations Biosecurity is a practice designed to prevent the spread of disease by minimizing the movement of biologic organisms (viruses, bacteria, rodents, etc.) onto and within an operation. Biosecurity can be very difficult to maintain because of the very complex interrelationships between management, biologic organisms and biosecurity. Biocontainment maybe the only practical control for many diseases. While developing and maintaining biosecurity is difficult it is the cheapest, most effective means of disease control available and no disease prevention program will work without it.

Health - Disease Complex Interactions

Immunology-Vaccine Principles, Optimizing Vaccination, FPT Effects

IMMUNOLOGY PRINCIPLES: definitions INJECTION: to force a fluid into (antibiotic, vitamin, vaccine, etc.) VACCINATION: inject with a vaccine IMMUNIZATION: to render not affected or responsive (protected from disease due to infection)

IMMUNOLOGY PRINCIPLES INJECTION = VACCINATION VACCINATION ≠ IMMUNIZATION IMMUNIZATION REQUIRES…. Effective vaccine Immunocompetent calf

IMMUNOLOGY PRINCIPLES For VACCINATION = IMMUNIZATION requires an IMMUNE RESPONSE IMMUNE REPONSE Cognition … Self from Non-Self & Presentation Activation … Clonal Expansion & Differentiation Effect … Killing Virus Infected Cell & Antibody Prod.

Immune System Diagram

Immune System At Work

IMMUNOLOGY PRINCIPLES: USING THIS INFORMATION … make sure your clients have the ingredients for a protective immune response … EFFECTIVE VACCINE + RESPONSIVE CALF mounting an immune response has a METABOLIC COST mounting an immune response is complicated & subject to… SUPPRESSION mounting an immune response… TAKES TIME

OPTIMIZING VACCINATION: Herd Immunity* Right Bug?? Vaccine Handling Vaccine Delivery Timing*** Challenge Dose* Calf Maturity** Nutrition*? Parasites*? Genetics? Distress* Animal Husbandry … COUNTS

OPTIMIZING VACCINATION: Herd Immunity Vaccine can be “working” even if individual cattle are diseased Works well with highly contagious diseases (e.g. IBR, Brucellosis) Not as effective with lowly contagious diseases (e.g. tetanus)

OPTIMIZING VACCINATION: “Right” Bug Disease complexes e.g.. Viral BRD: IBR, BVD, BRSV, PI3 adenovirus, coronavirus, rhinovirus, enterovirus, reovirus, MCF virus. Changes in the bugs (antigenic instability) e.g.. BVD, influenza virus most are fairly stable

OPTIMIZING VACCINATION: Vaccine Handling Temperature abuse Ultraviolet light (sunlight) Disinfectants Vaccine Delivery Subcutaneous when available Intramuscular in neck only Proper restraint Correct needle size & length Needle changes Sanitation Timing BRD incubation time 7 to 10 days Immune response takes 3 -10 days …or longer Peaks in 2 to 4 weeks ... Best if repeated

Vaccine Titers

OPTIMIZING VACCINATION: Challenge Dose Even a normally protective level of immunity can be overwhelmed… This is bad …but disease may not last as long or be as severe. But could be good if vaccine overcomes protection to improve immunity (booster and maternal block)

Challenge Diagram

Challenge – Immunization Diagram

OPTIMIZING VACCINATION: Calf Factors -- Maturity -- Genetics -- History (parasites, nutrition, previous vaccines)

Colostrum Absorption

Immunity vs Age

OPTIMIZING VACCINATION: Distress some are inevitable many are avoidable ELIMINATE the avoidable SHIFT the inevitable so they don’t all happen at the same time

Response to Stress: Stress plays a large part in the disease

OPTIMIZING VACCINATION: Calf Factors PREEXPOSURE IMMUNIZATION giving the vaccine before disease challenge & immunosuppression instead of after disease challenge & during immunosuppression reduces sickness & death

OPTIMIZING VACCINATION: PRE-EXPOSURE IMMUNIZATION Will rarely make disease rate = zero If disease rate is low, hard to see effect Effectiveness ≠ Cost effectiveness

Vaccine Titers

Colostrum Absorption Normal Passive Transfer (NPT) … >1600 mg/dl (TPP >7%) Partial Failure of Passive Transfer (PFPT) … 800 to 1600 mg/dl (TPP 5 to 7%) Failure of Passive Transfer (FPT) … <800 mg/dl (TPP <5 %)

NEONATAL SICKNESS rates by passive transfer status in 263 calves (60-20-183) … P<0.05, FPT OR=6.4)

Prevention … is key Treatment salvages only part of the loss Immune preparation … Need an effective vaccine

Killed vaccines (KV) and toxoids Subunit vaccines are a type of killed vaccine Autogenous bacterial vaccines Modified live vaccines (MLV) contain live altered Chemically altered vaccines contain modified live

Killed Vaccines (KV) and Toxoids Advantages: Available for a wide variety of diseases No risk of reverting to virulent form No risk of vaccine organism spreading between animals Little risk of causing abortion More stable in storage No on-farm mixing, therefore less risk of contamination Excellent stimulant of passive antibodies in colostrum

Killed Vaccines (KV) and Toxoids Disadvantages: More likely to cause allergic reactions and post vaccination lumps Two initial doses required at least 10 days apart Slower onset of immunity May not produce as strong or as long-lasting immunity as MLV products Produce a narrower spectrum of protection than MLV products Tend to be more expensive than MLV products

Modified Live Vaccines (MLV) Advantages: One initial dose is usually sufficient but additional booster doses may be required More rapid protection than KV products Produces a wider spectrum of protection than KV products Less likely to cause allergic reactions or post vaccination lumps than KV products Less susceptible to passive antibody vaccine block than KV products Tend to be less expensive

Modified Live Vaccines (MLV) Disadvantages: Potential to mutate to a virulent form Could exacerbate disease in immunosuppressed animals Potential for excessive immune response Some risk of causing abortion or transient infertility Must be handled and mixed with additional care

Chemically Altered Vaccines Advantages: Share many characteristics of MLV products Safety similar to KV products More rapid protection than KV products No risk of reverting to virulent form Little risk of causing abortion

Chemically Altered Vaccines Disadvantages: Protection not as rapid as MLV products Two initial doses required May not produce as strong or as long-lasting immunity Unless given on a mucus membrane, stimulates little or no mucosal immunity Must be handled and mixed more carefully Tend to be more expensive than modified live vaccines

USDA can grant one of five possible levels of protection: Prevention of infection. Prevention of disease. Aid in disease prevention. Aid in disease control.

Temperature Range 77 units (42.8%) had readings below 32 degrees Clyde Lane Temperature Range 77 units (42.8%) had readings below 32 degrees 38 units (21.1%) had readings above 45 degrees

Temperature Range Refrigeration units varied from 16.5 to 55.6 degrees Clyde Lane Temperature Range Refrigeration units varied from 16.5 to 55.6 degrees Spread in temperature in a refrigeration unit 1.8 to 25.4 degrees

Retail Refrigerators 19,461 animal health products Clyde Lane Retail Refrigerators 19,461 animal health products Less than ½ % were expired 16.1% contained food

Born to HEALTHY mothers!!! Born in CLEAN environment!!! Keys to Healthy Calves Born to HEALTHY mothers!!! Born in CLEAN environment!!! Three doses of ALL important vaccines before entering the herd BVD Test Negative Proper Body Condition Score … 6 Colostrum ASAP!!! Move to clean pasture ASAP … AND Keep in similar age groups 1st month. OR Move all cows yet to calve to clean pasture each week.

Good Luck To You Save a Cow … Eat a Vegetarian DGRIFFIN@GPVEC.UNL.EDU http://GPVEC.UNL.EDU Save a Cow … Eat a Vegetarian Good Luck To You

Good Luck To You Save a Cow … Eat a Vegetarian DGRIFFIN@GPVEC.UNL.EDU http://GPVEC.UNL.EDU Save a Cow … Eat a Vegetarian Good Luck To You

Herd Vaccine Use … ?

Herd Vaccine Use … ?

The Breeding Herd