Adapted from: Project Lead The Way Making Vaccines powerpoint Mrs. Stewart Adapted from: Project Lead The Way Making Vaccines powerpoint

Effective Vaccines Have low levels of side effects or toxicity.

Effective Vaccines Protect against exposure to wild forms of pathogen

Effective Vaccines Stimulate both types of immune responses: 1. an antibody/humoral response B Cells 2. a cellular/cell-mediated response T Cells

Effective Vaccines Have long term, lasting effects that produce immunological memory.

Effective Vaccines Should not require numerous doses or boosters

Effective Vaccines Are inexpensive Have a long shelf life Are easy to administer.

Routes of Administration The majority of vaccines are administered by injection Subcutaneous Intramuscular Intradermal Oral vaccines are available for only a few diseases

Administration Routes

Live, attenuated (weakened) cells (viruses) Vaccines are longer-lasting and require fewer boosters However, the disease agent could mutate back to pathogenic strain Harder to make this type for bacteria – usu. viruses Example: MMR, Varicella zoster

Killed whole cells or inactivated viruses Even though they are harmless, they still contain recognizable antigens on their surface Because the microbe does not multiply, a weaker immune response is stimulated vs. live vaccines larger doses and more boosters are required. Example: Polio virus

Toxoid vaccines A purified toxin produced by the pathogen is changed into a toxoid and used to elicit immune response. Example: DTaP Diptheria, Tetanus & acellular Pertussis

Subunit Vaccines Subunit vaccines contain just the antigens of the microbe that best stimulate the immune system. Antigens that have been separated from the rest of the microbe Examples: Hepatitis B, Gardasil,

Genetically engineered or Naked DNA Vaccine Genes for microbial antigens are inserted into a plasmid vector and are cloned in appropriate hosts. The resultant protein product is used to provoke immune system.

DNA vaccines These vaccines contain all or part of the pathogen DNA, which is used to “infect” a recipient’s cells.

Herd Immunity More individuals that are immune decreases the incidence of the disease and the occurrence of the pathogen. With greater numbers immunized, it is less likely that an unimmunized person will encounter the pathogen. Mass vaccination confers indirect protection for those who do not receive the vaccine resulting in “herd immunity”.