II III I C. Johannesson I. The Nature of Solutions (p , ) Ch. 13 & 14 - Solutions

C. Johannesson A. Definitions  Solution -  Solution - homogeneous mixture Solvent Solvent - present in greater amount Solute Solute - substance being dissolved

C. Johannesson A. Definitions Solute Solute - KMnO 4 Solvent Solvent - H 2 O

C. Johannesson B. Solvation  Solvation –  Solvation – the process of dissolving solute particles are separated and pulled into solution solute particles are surrounded by solvent particles

C. Johannesson B. Solvation Strong Electrolyte Non- Electrolyte solute exists as ions only - + salt - + sugar solute exists as molecules only - + acetic acid Weak Electrolyte solute exists as ions and molecules DISSOCIATIONIONIZATION View animation online.animation

C. Johannesson B. Solvation  Dissociation separation of an ionic solid into aqueous ions NaCl(s)  Na + (aq) + Cl – (aq)

C. Johannesson B. Solvation  Ionization breaking apart of some polar molecules into aqueous ions HNO 3 (aq) + H 2 O(l)  H 3 O + (aq) + NO 3 – (aq)

C. Johannesson B. Solvation  Molecular Solvation molecules stay intact C 6 H 12 O 6 (s)  C 6 H 12 O 6 (aq)

C. Johannesson B. Solvation NONPOLAR POLAR “Like Dissolves Like”

C. Johannesson B. Solvation  Soap/Detergent polar “head” with long nonpolar “tail” dissolves nonpolar grease in polar water

C. Johannesson C. Solubility SATURATED SOLUTION no more solute dissolves UNSATURATED SOLUTION more solute dissolves SUPERSATURATED SOLUTION becomes unstable, crystals form concentration

C. Johannesson C. Solubility  Solubility maximum grams of solute that will dissolve in 100 g of solvent at a given temperature varies with temp based on a saturated soln

C. Johannesson C. Solubility  Solubility Curve shows the dependence of solubility on temperature

C. Johannesson C. Solubility  Solids are more soluble at... high temperatures.  Gases are more soluble at... low temperatures & high pressures (Henry’s Law). EX: nitrogen narcosis, the “bends,” soda