AVIATION HISTORY Lecture 1: Introduction By Zuliana Ismail, 2010

Lesson Timeline 3 Credit hours Week 1-6: Lecture Week 9-14: Lecture AVH 1103 – Aviation History 3 Credit hours Semester Timeline Week 1-6: Lecture Week 7&8: Mid term test & public Speaking Week 9-14: Lecture Week 17: Final Exam

Attendance: 5% Mid Term Test: 10% Public Speaking: 10% Assignment: 15% Results Attendance: 5% Mid Term Test: 10% Public Speaking: 10% Assignment: 15% Final Exam: 60% TOTAL: 100%

Standard Grading Scale for University/College Mark Grade Grade Points (80–100) A 4.00 (75-79) A- 3.67 (70-74) B+ 3.33 (65-69) B 3.00 (60-64) B- 2.67 (55-59) C+ 2.33 (50-54) C 2.00 (45-49) C- 1.33 (40-44) D 1.00 (0-39) F 0.00

GPA Calculation Credit Hours Grade Grade Points 3 B (3.00) 9.00 4 12.00 Total Cr Hrs: 14 GPA 42/14=3.00

References Lecturer slides and notes (will be distributed through email) Books AMC Text Book Flight: 100 Years of Aviation (AMC Library) Internet: Suggested Websites: http://www.century-of-flight.net/ http://www.ueet.nasa.gov/StudentSite/

AVH Course Outlines Chapter 1: The early attempt to fly Chapter 2: Early Aviation Chapter 3: Theory of Flight Chapter 4: Flight Instruments Chapter 5: Flight Environments Chapter 6: Military Aviation Chapter 7: Commercial Aviation (Airliners) Chapter 8: Space Exploration

Aviation Timeline

INTRODUCTION TO AVIATION What is Aviation ??

What is Aviation ?? By definition, aviation is the design, manufacture, use, or operation of aircraft - in which the term aircraft refers to any vehicle capable of flight. Aviation is a combination of many opportunities. A first thought of aviation might be of flying as a pilot in a commercial aircraft, but aviation is a global organization that also needs well organized managers to operate the aviation. Aviation is a high-technology, rapidly changing, competitive business operating in a global arena. Educated, professional managers are needed in many career areas in the aviation industry. Transportation, economics and logistics, flight operations, and flight support are some of the many other positions that make up the exciting and challenging field of aviation. 10

Rotary Wing (Helicopter) Aircraft Categories HTA Fixed Wing (Airplane) Landplane Seaplane Amphibian Rotary Wing (Helicopter) Glider (No Engine) Heavier than Air (HTA) Lighter than Air (LTA) LTA Balloons Airships

Heavier than Air (HTA)-Airplane A landplane is the airplane that can operate only on land surface A seaplane is a fixed-wing aircraft which can only take off and landing on water. An amphibian is an aircraft that can take off and land on either land or water.

Heavier than Air (HTA)-Helicopter/Gyrocopter & Glider

Lighter-Than-Air(LTA)

Lighter-than-air vs. Heavier-than-air Aircraft can either be lighter- than-air or heavier-than-air. Lighter-than-air craft including balloons and airships Heavier-than-air craft including airplanes, gliders, helicopters.

Heavier-Than-Air(HTA) LIFT is produced by a reaction between wings and motion through the air Three categories of HTA aircraft are Airplane, Helicopter and Glider. An AIRPLANE is a heavier-than-air craft that is PROPELLED BY AN ENGINE and uses FIXED WINGS TO GENERATE LIFT. A HELICOPTER also PROPELLED BY AN ENGINE but uses ROTATING WINGS(BLADES) TO GENERATE LIFT. A GLIDER is a heavier-than-air craft that is NOT SUPPORTED BY ENGINE POWER. Its propulsion through the air is derived from GRAVITY & AERODYNAMIC FORCES.

Lighter-Than-Air(LTA) LIFTING CAPABILITIES depends on being inflated (or expand) with a gas that is lighter than the air in which it is supported. For example, BALLOONS and AIRSHIPS. Their structure when filled with a sufficient volume of gas lighter than air (heated air, hydrogen, or helium), displaces the surrounding ambient air and make it floats. Balloons usually very large, and they were capable of relatively high speeds.

The Early Attempts to Fly

That dream and imagination is now reality. Introduction For centuries, man has dreamed of flying and soaring like an Eagle high above the world below. Men starting imagined how it must be to take to the air. That dream and imagination is now reality. In a short one hundred years, aviation technology was transformed from the often unreliable wooden, cloth- covered biplanes to supersonic jets and international airliners. What was it that provoked such rapid progress?

First Attempts Legends of flight attempts date to 2000 B.C. Many believed flying was for the mythical gods Others tried to copy bird flight-unsuccessfully Chinese invented kites about 1000 B.C. Leonardo da Vinci, 15th century Italian artist First recorded scientific study of aeronautics Experimented to prove feasibility of mechanical flight Drew sketches and plans to construct flying machines

First Attempts, 1500 Leonardo da Vinci, scientist, architect, painter…. In 1500 he gathered data on the flight of birds ..and then drawings of flying machines with flapping wings. Finally, by copying the wings of a bird Da Vinci invented the “Flapping-Wing Aircraft” to enable human to fly.

Critical Thinking However, all attempts to fly using this type of machine failed. WHY HUMAN CAN’T FLY LIKE A BIRD ?? Long long ago, when there were no airplanes yet, people tried to fly like birds. They made big wings and tied those big wings to their arms. Then they climbed up to a high place, jumped off, and beat their wings just as birds do. But their arms were not strong enough and they could not beat the wings hard enough to keep their bodies in the air. As a result, they crashed , or fell violently, to the ground. Some of them died; some of them hurt themselves very badly.

God’s Will If god wanted us to fly then he would have created us that way.

Human can’t fly like a bird because….. Structure of a bird’s muscles are different compare to human. Human’s muscles are too weak to flap the large surfaces needed to obtain flight. Bird’s bones are hollow and light compare to human. Human’s bones are far too heavy to make them rise in the air. Physiological capabilities of birds can never be matched by human beings. Human heart beat rate must have to go up to 800 heart beats per minute in order to be able to achieve flight.

Second Attempts at Flight By 17th Century, ancient ideas inspired scientific theories and experiments. Characteristics of the atmosphere and the discovery of gasses and properties led to lighter-than-air (balloon) experiments

The first successful human flight 1783: Montgolfier Brothers Inventors of the first practical balloon 1782: discovered that heated air in a paper or fabric bag made the bag rise 1783: “flew” a sheep, a duck, and a rooster for 8 minutes November 1783: first human flight. However, balloon lack of directional control 200 years ago, a Frenchman, Joseph Montgolfier, filled a large balloon with gas. He fixed a large basket to the balloon and sent it up with a sheep, a duck and a rooster in it. They traveled 3 kilometers in eight minutes before the balloon came down.

HOW HOT AIR BALLOON RISE INTO THE SKY?? Critical Thinking HOW HOT AIR BALLOON RISE INTO THE SKY??

Glider Flight 1800- 1896: Men try to invent GLIDER… Glider: A light aircraft designed to fly without using an engine.

George Cayley’s First Successful Glider (1804) Had body, tail and wing Understood that lift results from pressure difference across wing surfaces Had the idea to warp wings for roll control Proposed an engine for thrust - none available at that time

Otto Lilienthal, First Successful Pilot a Glider (1890s) Accomplished over 2500 successful glider flights Control depended upon movements of his body. To reduce these requirements he devised a movable elevator. Died in a glider accident in 1896

The Powered Flight 1843: William S. Henson, 1st plane with an engine Grew up in the age of steam. They had witnessed the use of steam in powering trains. He designed his own steam engine for airplane. After one unsuccessful try the inventor gave up.

1896: Samuel P. Langley, First Successful Airplane Samuel P. Langley of the United States flew a steam powered model plane. First Successful Airplane Flight in 1896 Unfortunately, launching gear failure caused his plane to crash