Countercurrent Exchange and Gas Exchange 學生姓名： B9902067 曾紹庭 B9902075 黃柏翰指導老師：周淑娥老師指導助教：洪偉珊助教.

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Countercurrent Exchange and Gas Exchange 學生姓名： B 曾紹庭 B 黃柏翰指導老師：周淑娥老師指導助教：洪偉珊助教

Countercurrent Exchange The exchange of a chemical substance or heat between two fluids flowing in opposite directions.

Concurrent vs. Countercurrent

Fish Gills

Countercurrent mechanism 1.Countercurrent multiplication of concentration 2.Countercurrent exchange Countercurrent multiplier systems: Expend energy to create concentration gradients

Countercurrent mechanism 1.Cortex: 300 mOsm/L 2.Medulla:1200 mOsm/L Descending limb: water leaves (passively) Ascending limb : NaCl leaves (actively) Descending limb: equibrilium Ascending limb : lower concentration 影片

影片 Cortex Medulla

Albatross

Countercurrent exchange (heat) 企鵝人類手臂人類陰囊

Information Resourses: 生理學書籍 Campbell/Reece Biology,Eighth Edition Thanks for your listening