How do we study the Universe?. SPECTROSCOPY Uses visible wavelength split into colors.

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Presentation transcript:

How do we study the Universe?

SPECTROSCOPY Uses visible wavelength split into colors

Doppler shift Wavelengths change when object is moving

Red/ Blue Shift RECEDING (moving away) objects show a INCREASE in WAVELENGTH- red shift APPROACHING objects show a DECREASE in WAVELENGTH- blue shift

Star Approaching Star Receding

RED-SHIFTING STAR (Moving Away From Us)

BLUE-SHIFTING STAR (Moving Towards Us)

sun Red or blue shift?

Star MOVING AWAY from us. (RED-SHIFTING) REFERENCE SPECTRUM

Mauna Kea Observatory

Mauna Kea Aug. 2011

Optical telescopes Need clear weather Away from city lights (light pollution) Above clouds (mountain tops) –Less distortion Many in AZ and HI

Kitt Peak, Arizona

REFRACTING TELESCOPES Use multiple lenses to focus light and magnify images.

The USNO 26-inch Refracting Telescope

REFRACTORS Lenses are expensive Chromatic aberration (halo affect;bad) good for observing solar system objects See details (good contrast)

Lowell Observatory, Flagstaff AZ discovered Pluto 24” refractor

REFLECTING TELESCOPES Uses a series of mirrors to gather and focus light.

Reflectors Mirrors are cheaper See farther than refractors –Lose detail Can build larger (10 meters vs. 1 meter) “Coma” problem

“coma problem Stars need edge of field have “tails”

8” REFLECTOR

Keck Observatory 10 m reflector largest in world

LBT Large Binocular Telescope Two 8.4 m mirrors

CATADIOPTRIC TELESCOPES combines the best features of refractors and reflectors

Dobsonian telescope Cheap Reflector need dark skies Only azimuth mount Good beginner telescope

Radio telescopes Gather incoming radio waves Convert waves to colors Produce false color images

Radio telescopes Best for out of solar system objects –Galaxies –Supernovas –quasars

Very Large Array Socorro, NM Arrays use many telescopes that act as one telescope

Very Large Baseline Array Sites Kitt Peak, AZ New Mex. Texas New Mex. Virgin Islands Hawaii California Washington Iowa New Hampshire

40 meter radio telescope Green Bank, WV

305 meter Arecibo Radio Telescope

Signal is received by telescope

Signal is amplified

Janskies Minutes Signal is converted to false colors

SUPERNOVA REMNANT All declinations combined make a picture

THE MOON

A GALAXY

Jupiter

Planet forming

Advantages of Radio Telescopes Use anytime (day, clouds, etc) No dome needed Detect object much further away

Infrared

Advantages of Space Telescopes No atm. Interference –See clearer NOT CLOSER Can detect wavelength that atm. blocks

Hubble reflector Last service mission (2010) will keep operating to at least 2014 In 2018 Hubble will be replaced by James Webb telescope (IR)

James Webb telescope Mission length: 5 yearsRemain stationary above Earth

Hubble vs. Webb

Other space telescopes

Spitzer infrared telescope launched 2003

GLAST- gamma ray telescope

Chandra X-ray telescope launched 1999

HUT (HOPKINS UV TELESCOPE) Clumpy universe

GALEX UV

COBE microwave