400 350 300 250 Death rates per 100,000 200 150 100 50 1900 1930 1960 1990 Year Heart diseases Influenza and Cancer pneumonia Stroke Tuberculosis Typhoid fever

STRESSORS STRESS MEDIATORS STRESS RESPONSES Life changes and 13_01 STRESSORS STRESS MEDIATORS STRESS RESPONSES Life changes and Cognitive appraisal Physical strains Predictability Psychological Catastrophic events Control Emotional Daily hassles Cognitive Coping resources Behavioral Chronic stressors and methods Social support

Alarm Resistance Exhaustion Level of normal resistance Stressor

STRESSORS Hypothalamus Pituitary Autonomic nervous Thymus system 13_03 STRESSORS Hypothalamus Pituitary Thymus Autonomic nervous system Thyroid Parathyroid Beta endorphin (relieves pain) Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) Heart and Lungs Adrenals Medulla Catecholamines Cortex Kidneys Liver Stomach Corticosteroids, including cortisol (reduce responses of immune system) Pancreas Bone marrow

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InRev13a STRESS RESPONSES AND STRESS MEDIATORS Category Examples InRev5b InRev4b InRev6a InRev6b STRESS RESPONSES AND STRESS MEDIATORS Category Examples InRev13a Responses Physical Psychological Mediators Appraisal Predictability Control Coping resources and methods Social support Fight-or-flight syndrome (increased heart rate, respiration, and muscle tension, sweating, pupillary dilation; SAM and HPA activation (involving release of catecholamines and corticosteroids); eventual breakdown of organ systems involved in prolonged resistance to stressors. Emotional: anger, anxiety, depression, and other emotional states. Cognitive: inability to concentrate or think logically, ruminative thinking, catastrophizing. Behavioral: aggression and escape/avoidance tactics (including suicide attempts). Thinking of a difficult new job as a challenge will create less discomfort than focusing on the threat of failure. A tornado that strikes without warning may have a more devastating emotional impact than a long-predicted hurricane. Repairing a disabled spacecraft may be less stressful for the astronauts doing the work than for their loved ones on Earth, who can do nothing to help. Having no effective way to relax after a hard day may prolong tension and other stress responses. Having no one to talk to about a rape or other trauma may amplify the negative impact of the experience.

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Fig104 1.5 Thinnest 2.0 Moderately below average 1.0 above average Heaviest 30 percent of people Male Female Percent of group dying each year

Fig13_5

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InRev13b METHODS FOR COPING WITH STRESS Type of Coping Method Examples InRev5a InRev2a InRev5b InRev4b InRev6a InRev6b InRev13a METHODS FOR COPING WITH STRESS Type of Coping Method InRev13b Examples Cognitive Emotional Behavioral Physical Thinking of stressors as challenges rather than as threats; avoiding perfectionism. Talking about one’s problems to a friend. Implementing a time-management plan; where possible, making life changes to eliminate stressors. Progressive relaxation training, exercise, meditation.

LINKAGES to Health, Stress, and Coping BIOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF PSYCHOLOGY PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDERS SOCIAL INFLUENCE Can stress give you the flu? (p. 469) When do stress responses become mental disorders? (p. 460) How does stress affect group decision making? (p. 666)