Restoration and the Eighteenth Century The Age of Reason The Age of Enlightenment

The Growth of the United States People poured from England and Europe to North America People poured from England and Europe to North America Freedom of Religion Freedom of Religion Ambition—money to be made in furs, tobacco, logging for the building of ships Ambition—money to be made in furs, tobacco, logging for the building of ships Transporting Africans for use as slave labor. Transporting Africans for use as slave labor.

Defeated and Exhausted ▪ By 1660 England was utterly exhausted by 20 years of civil war.  Great Plague—1665  Last major outbreak of bubonic plague  Killed an estimated 100,000 people (20% of London’s population) ▪ Great Fire of London—1666  Uncontrolled fire that lasted for 3 days in central London  Destroyed over 13,000 homes and numerous government buildings  Few deaths recorded

What is meant by Restoration? In 1660 the Anglican Church was restored as the official Church of England and King Charles II was restored to power (after having been exiled to France, restoring the monarchy.) In 1660 the Anglican Church was restored as the official Church of England and King Charles II was restored to power (after having been exiled to France, restoring the monarchy.) The monarchy was restored without shedding a drop of blood. The monarchy was restored without shedding a drop of blood.

The Age of Reason and Enlightenment  People began to use scientific reasoning to understand the world  Apply reason so people could understand the natural causes of events  Scientific Method  Developed by Sir Isaac Newton  Still used today  Analyze facts  Develop a hypothesis  Test the hypothesis with experimentation

Enlightenment Philosophies  Inspired by Newton’s discoveries  John Locke  Encouraged people to use their intelligence to rid themselves of unjust authorities  Rejected divine right of kings  Asserted the rights of citizens to revolt against unfair government

Living Well  Development of smallpox vaccine  Improvement in living conditions  Wealthy aristocrats built lavish estates with beautiful lawns & gardens  Spacious new streets & squares in London  Coffeehouses  Gathering places for writers, artists, politicians & other members of society

The Seven Groups of English Society during this time 1. The Great, who live profusely 2. The Rich, who live very plentifully 3. The Middle Sort, who live well 4. The Working Trades, who labor hard, but feel no want 5. The Country People, farmers, etc., who fare indefferently 6. The Poor, that fare hard 7. The Miserable, that really pinch and suffer want. ---Daniel Defoe

Industrial Revolution  Period of major changes in agriculture, manufacturing, mining, transport, and technology  Affected almost every aspect of daily life  Income and population grew  Living conditions differed greatly

Improvements in Industry  Machine Operations  Iron making techniques  Introduction of canals along with improved roads and railways  Steam power fueled by coal  Gas lighting  Printing  Chemicals

Changes in Religion The new science influenced religion: A movement called Deism viewed the universe as a perfect mechanism, which God had build and left to run on its own. The new science influenced religion: A movement called Deism viewed the universe as a perfect mechanism, which God had build and left to run on its own. Christianity, but asking more and more scientific questions Christianity, but asking more and more scientific questions

Religion and Politics Religion determined people’s politics. Religion determined people’s politics. King Charles II outlawed and persecuted all the various Puritan and Independent sects— dozens of them who all disagreed among themselves. King Charles II outlawed and persecuted all the various Puritan and Independent sects— dozens of them who all disagreed among themselves.

After the Restoration Writers drew on “New Classical” style of Roman, Greek, and Latin models Writers drew on “New Classical” style of Roman, Greek, and Latin models Thinkers of this Age of Reason emphasized logic, scientific observation, factual explanation. These rational explanations affected some people’s religious views. Thinkers of this Age of Reason emphasized logic, scientific observation, factual explanation. These rational explanations affected some people’s religious views. Literary tastes turned to wit and satire to expose excesses and moral corruption. Literary tastes turned to wit and satire to expose excesses and moral corruption.

After the Restoration In journalism, the periodical essay developed, commenting on public manners and values. In journalism, the periodical essay developed, commenting on public manners and values. To satisfy the reading tastes of a developing middle class, writers began to experiment with long fictional narratives called novels. To satisfy the reading tastes of a developing middle class, writers began to experiment with long fictional narratives called novels. Theaters closed by the Puritans reopened, and female actors were now included on the stage; drama during the Restoration period was witty, bawdy, and cynical. Theaters closed by the Puritans reopened, and female actors were now included on the stage; drama during the Restoration period was witty, bawdy, and cynical.

The Age of Enlightenment Origins in the scientific and intellectual revolutions of the seventeenth century. Origins in the scientific and intellectual revolutions of the seventeenth century. Change and reason were both possible and desirable for the sake of human liberty. Change and reason were both possible and desirable for the sake of human liberty. Provided a major source of ideas that could be used to undermine existing political and social patterns. Provided a major source of ideas that could be used to undermine existing political and social patterns.

Literature of the Times  Social Observers  Middle class grew and prospered  Ordinary men & women had more money, leisure activities, and educational opportunities  New audience willing to read and pay for literature who wanted literature to be written in a clear language that they could understand

Literature Evolving  Types of literature that evolved  Biographies  History  Philosophy  Politics  Economics  Natural History  Poets began writing simpler, freer lyrics on subjects close to the human heart which led to the Romantic period

Satirical Voices  Satire was used to point out aspects of society that others felt needed to be changed  Aimed at the elite class  Neoclassicism  Modeled on the works of Ancient Greece & Rome  Stressed balance, order, logic, and emotional restraint  Focused on society and human intellect  Avoided personal feelings

The Age of Satire  Alexander Pope—wrote poetry that poked fun at ladies of high society  “The Rape of the Lock”—mock epic  Jonathan Swift—savagely attacked educators, politicians, churchmen & others that he saw as corrupt  “A Modest Proposal”

Popular Taste Like journalists of the day, writers like Pope and Swift aimed at reforming and educating their readers. Like journalists of the day, writers like Pope and Swift aimed at reforming and educating their readers. Pope in particular, however, was much too formal and classical in his style to draw a wide readership. These readers instead flocked to the novel. Pope in particular, however, was much too formal and classical in his style to draw a wide readership. These readers instead flocked to the novel.

Public Poetry Poetry of the period was not private, intimate, or spontaneous; rather it was highly artificial and carefully crafted for public occasions. Poetry of the period was not private, intimate, or spontaneous; rather it was highly artificial and carefully crafted for public occasions. Forms included: elegies for grand people, satire, odes. Forms included: elegies for grand people, satire, odes.

The End of the Age At the end of the century, as industrialization mushroomed, writers returned to nature and folk themes for inspiration. At the end of the century, as industrialization mushroomed, writers returned to nature and folk themes for inspiration. The Romantic The Romantic era was born era was born