Prof. Dr. Abdelsamie Moet Fall 2013/14 Pharos University in Alexandria Faculty of Engineering HU 121 History of Engineering and Technology Solar Energy Lect7-10

HU121_Lect7_Solar1 Outline Engineering and Energy Sources Solar Energy 1.Thermal 2.Photo Voltaic (PV) 3.Biomass 4.Solar Chimneys

HU121_Lect7_Solar2 Engineering “The profession in which a knowledge of the mathematical and natural sciences gained by study, experience, and practice is applied with judgment to develop ways to utilize, economically, the materials and forces of nature for the benefit of mankind” ABET Accreditation Board for Engineering and Technology

HU121_Lect7_Solar3 Energy Sources Wind Hydro Biofuel Nuclear Hydrocarbon Sustainable ? Green ? Solar Fuel Cells Geo-Thermal

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6 Solar Energy: Timeline BC ~ 1500 BC Egyptian ruler Amenkotep III supposedly had “sounding statues” that emitted a tone when air inside was heated by the sun ~ 212 BC Archimedes used burning mirrors to set fire to ships

HU121_Lect7_Solar7 Solar Thermal Energy: Timeline 18 th Century ~1700 French scientist, George Buffon, made multiple flat mirrors to concentrate light to a point. He ignited a wood pile 195 ft away (wood ignites at ~250°C) ~1760 Swiss de Sanesure made a solar oven that reached 160°C ~1860 Bessemer made a solar furnace that melted copper and zinc

HU121_Lect7_Solar8 Solar Energy: 19 th Century 1868 John Ericsson built a solar-powered 2.5 HP Stirling engine using a parabolic reflector 1912 Prof. C.V. Boys & Frank Shuman built a 50 HP solar pumping steam engine at Meadi, Egypt

HU121_Lect7_Solar9 Stirling Engine (Conceptual)

HU121_Lect7_Solar10 Steam Engine (Conceptual)

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HU121_Lect7_Solar12 Parallel parabolic collectors are assembled in a multitude of parallel rows with one-axis tracing system to follow the sun.

HU121_Lect7_Solar13 Solar Trough Design

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HU121_Lect7_Solar16 PV Power Plant

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HU121_Lect7_Solar18 Finally.. Egypt may enter PV Economy pv-plant_ /#axzz2nTN067tk

HU121_Lect7_Solar19 Photvoltaics The photoelectric effect was first noted by a French physicist, Edmund Bequerel, in 1839: He found that certain materials would produce small amounts of electric current when exposed to light. When sunlight strikes a PV cell, photons are absorbed and electrons are released causing an electric current (Voltage). The first photovoltaic module was built by Bell Laboratories in 1954.

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HU121_Lect7_Solar21 Manufacturing of Silicon Wafers

HU121_Lect7_Solar22 Manufacturing of PV cells

HU121_Lect7_Solar23 p-n Junction

HU121_Lect7_Solar24 A number of solar cells electrically connected to each other and mounted in a support structure or frame is called a photovoltaic module Multiple modules can be wired together to form an array. The larger the area of a module or array, the more electricity that will be produced. They can be connected in both series and parallel electrical arrangements to produce any required voltage and current combination.

HU121_Lect7_Solar25 DC-AC System Photovoltaics produce direct current that usually is converted to alternating current for use in homes and industry.

HU121_Lect7_Solar26 The Solar Spiral Architectural Concept

HU121_Lect7_Solar27 Physics/ Material Chemistry Material Engineering Manufacturing Electrical/ Architecture

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HU121_Lect7_Solar29 solar chimney power stations Manzanares Solar Chimney, Spain

HU121_Lect7_Solar30 solar chimney power stations The solar chimney power stations combine three main components: the greenhouse, the chimney and the turbine. Air underneath a low circular glass roof open at the circumference is heated by radiation from the sun. The roof and the natural ground below it form a hot air collector ("greenhouse"). A vertical tower tube with large air inlets at its base stands in the centre of the glass roof. As hot air is lighter than cold air, it rises up the tower. Suction from the tower then draws in more hot air from the collector, and cold air comes in from the outer perimeter. The energy of the air flow is converted into mechanical energy by wind turbines at the base of the tower, and into electrical energy by electric generators coupled to the turbines.

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HU121_Lect7_Solar32 The 1000m Solar Chimney in Mildura Efficiency of solar chimney increases with the height of the chimney, not linearly, but exponentially. The 1000m Solar Chimney in Mildura, Australia, will be the highest man-made structure on Earth, and can produce 200MW of electricity, providing power to 200,000 homes.

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HU121_Lect7_Solar34 + Biomass

HU121_Lect7_Solar35 Biomass Energy

HU121_Lect7_Solar36 Gasification of rice husks Rice husks are fed at the top of the reactor and are burned at its bottom. Air is introduced into the bed of rice husks from the top of the reactor and moves downward through the fire zone. Fire zone is maintained by gradually removing the char from the char chamber employing a jet-type pneumatic conveyor installed right beneath the reactor. The gas generated in the reactor during gasification is directed to the burner passing through the momentum separator. Char is separated from the gas by a cylindrical shape momentum separator. The gas produced is burned either in a jet-type, a gas pipe-type, or a drum- type burner. A cyclone separates the char from air. Central Philippine University Project

HU121_Lect7_Solar37 Siemens Components for Biomass Power Plants

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HU121_Lect7_Solar40 / $1.9 Billion Solar Economy

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