My research addresses three areas ? ? What if 1. Integration of technology into patients’ lives 2. Designing interfaces for people with varying skills 3. Conducting user studies in non-traditional environments

Our solution is an assistive application for dialysis patients UPC read UPC to food Nutritional information updated Dietary Intake Monitoring Application Mobile Applications that Empower People to Monitor their Personal Health. Kay H. Connelly, Anne M. Faber, Yvonne Rogers, Katie A. Siek, and Tammy Toscos. In Springer E&I (April 2006).

Our solution is an assistive application for dialysis patients Icon selected Nutritional information updated Dietary Intake Monitoring Application Mobile Applications that Empower People to Monitor their Personal Health. Kay H. Connelly, Anne M. Faber, Yvonne Rogers, Katie A. Siek, and Tammy Toscos. In Springer E&I (April 2006).

We tested if dialysis patients could use PDAs and scanners Goals: -Compare performance with conventional and unconventional tasks -Study how the groups physically interact with devices *Voice recording task not shown Fat Finger Worries: How Older and Younger Users Physically Interact with PDAs. Katie A. Siek, Yvonne Rogers, and Kay H. Connelly. Interact 2005

I created a proof prototype called Food Updater Incorporates scanner and small UPC/Nutrient database Keeps track of fluid and sodium consumption

Some of the tasks

DexterityVision Dexterity & Coordination

We created two applications Icon Size Task Recorded preferred icon size, smallest viewable icon, and image preference Button Press Task Recorded errors

We used three applications that came with the PDA or scanners Voice Diary Task Voice Diary lengths: 1 sec., 5 sec., sec. Recorded how many times it took to successfully voice record message Scanner Tasks Scanned three items: book, can, bag Recorded how many times it took to successfully scan each item

Based on the literature, we predicted… 1.Participants of all ages can press PDA buttons 2.Participants of all ages prefer medium size (10mm or 15mm) icons 3.Participants can record voice messages of various lengths 4.Participants can scan bar codes with some practice

Twenty participants volunteered for the study Younger (25-30 years old) 2 women, 8 men 9 use computers often 3 had played with a PDA 6 wore glasses Older (75-85 years old) 5 women, 5 men 7 use computers often No PDA usage All wore glasses Similar computer experience measured by the amount of applications used

Most participants did not make any mistakes for the button press task 5-Way Navigator 16 out of 20 participants made no mistakes All participants were confused by the 5-way navigator Older male participants worried about “fat fingers” PDA held in non-dominant hand No significant performance differences (T 18 =0.787; p=0.442)

There were significant differences in icon preference size Small PDA Icon (5.29mm) Young Can See (5.5mm) Large PDA Icon (7.76mm) Young Preferred Older Can See (10mm) Older Preferred (20mm) Significant differences between preferred (T 18 =3.37, p=0.002) and icon size they could actually see (T 18 =3.25, p=0.004) Younger interested in how many icons can fit on a screen Older interested in details of image Older prefer photographs because more realistic Older had glare problems

The voice recording task was an easy task for most participants All participants recorded short message in two tries All of the younger participants recorded the long message on the first time Younger and older participants held the PDA differently No performance differences (T )

Socket SDIO ScannerBaracoda Pen Scanner Quick review of the scanners Press PDA button Hold light steady across barcode Press scanner button Run pen across barcode

The socket SDIO scanning task was slightly frustrating for participants Older more successful at scanning during first try Younger more successful at scanning during first try 4 younger and 2 older were able to scan within 3 tries Younger participants who practiced scanning book more, scanned bag quicker All participants operated PDA with one hand; used thumb to press button All participants were confused about what part of barcode to scan No performance differences (T )

The impossible task - Baracoda Pencil scanning 2 younger and 1 older scanned on first try Only 3 participants were able to scan chips No one successfully scanned the soda Women had difficulty using the pencil because of their nails Participants wanted to see a scanning light Participants rested the PDA on the table and used two hands for the pencil and object being scanned

Similar to our predictions, the key findings were… No performance difference in button press and voice recording task Small differences in preferred icon size - Younger (10mm); Older (20mm) Older participants scanned items more, but had the same success rate

Our results showed the user groups can use PDAs Healthy Years Old (n=10) vs Healthy Years Old (n=10) vs Dialysis Participants (n=10) No difference in performance for button press and voice recording tasks (T 18 = 0.787, p = 0.442, T 18 ≤ 0.5, p > 0.3) Younger prefer 5/10mm icons (mean = 5.5mm, s.d. = 1.58mm) Older prefer 20mm icons (mean = 18.5mm, s.d. = 6.6mm) Older scanned items more Baracoda pen not usable No difference in performance for button press, voice recording, and scanning tasks Chronically ill prefer 18.5mm icons (older prefer 20mm) Both groups can read smaller icons (10mm vs. 8.5mm) Fat Finger Worries: How Older and Younger Users Physically Interact with PDAs. Katie A. Siek, Yvonne Rogers, and Kay H. Connelly. Interact 2005

We conducted a study to evaluate mental models Goals: -Find out about eating habits -Discuss attitudes towards technology -Learn about how they think/organize food -Test initial ideas on how to organize food and present information Na.5 liter of 1 L used. 1 g of 2 g used H20H20 ? ? What if Pride and Prejudice. Katie A. Siek, Kay H. Connelly, and Yvonne Rogers. In Proceedings of CHI 2006.

People let their pride influence their preferences Participants organized food similarly Participants preferred an interface that combined designs Participants were not able to read their preferred consumption-level icon Participants understood warnings Pride and Prejudice. Katie A. Siek, Kay H. Connelly, and Yvonne Rogers. In Proceedings of CHI N = 8

People let their pride influence their preferences Participants organized food similarly Participants preferred an interface that combined designs Participants were not able to read their preferred consumption-level icon Participants understood warnings Pride and Prejudice. Katie A. Siek, Kay H. Connelly, and Yvonne Rogers. In Proceedings of CHI N = 8 Warning! OK Your sodium levels are near your daily limit

We studied PDA usage and barcode identification Goals: -Teach patients about how to scan food -Determine when patients scan or voice record foods -Discover is scanning/voice recording is a useful way to monitor intake Learn if patients will carry a PDA with them (and return it) When do we eat?. Katie A. Siek, Kay H. Connelly, Yvonne Rogers, et al. In Proceedings of Pervasive Healthcare (To Appear)

Participants preferred to voice record what they consumed Participants scanned foods not in the open source database Participants with low literacy needed more instructions Participants reported more food items than what they thought they consumed When do we eat? Katie A. Siek, Kay H. Connelly, Yvonne Rogers, Paul Rohwer, Desiree Lambert, and Janet L. Welch. Submitted to the First Pervasive Healthcare Conference. Everything has barcodes! Learning N = 6

Participants preferred to voice record what they consumed Participants scanned foods not in the open source database Participants with low literacy needed more instructions Participants reported more food items than what they thought they consumed When do we eat? Katie A. Siek, Kay H. Connelly, Yvonne Rogers, Paul Rohwer, Desiree Lambert, and Janet L. Welch. Submitted to the First Pervasive Healthcare Conference.

Participants preferred to voice record what they consumed Participants scanned foods not in the open source database Participants with low literacy needed more instructions Participants reported more food items than what they thought they consumed When do we eat? Katie A. Siek, Kay H. Connelly, Yvonne Rogers, Paul Rohwer, Desiree Lambert, and Janet L. Welch. Submitted to the First Pervasive Healthcare Conference.

Participants preferred to voice record what they consumed Participants scanned foods not in the open source database Participants with low literacy needed more instructions Participants reported more food items than what they thought they consumed When do we eat? Katie A. Siek, Kay H. Connelly, Yvonne Rogers, Paul Rohwer, Desiree Lambert, and Janet L. Welch. Submitted to the First Pervasive Healthcare Conference.

80% of usability problems are uncovered with 5 participants Proportion of Problems Uncovered Number of Participants in Study Virzi, R. A. (1990). Streamlining the design process: Running fewer subjects. Proceedings of the Human Factors Society 34th Annual Meeting, Santa Monica, CA: HFES. Virzi, R. A. (1992). Refining the test phase of usability evaluation: How many subjects is enough? Human Factors, 34, 4,