I.BIODIVERSITY (CH2, CH10, CH3 plus 3 “big articles”) Intro to terms -Levels of biodiversity A. History of biodiversity (and extinction) on earth B. Where is biodiversity on earth and why? C. How many species do we have? (Fri) D. Extinction today E. Relationships between ecosystem functioning, ecosystem services and biodiversity.

I.BIODIVERSITY Intro to terms -Levels of biodiversity Species diversity

II. Biodiversity A.Species diversity Genetic diversity

biomes, landscapes, ecosystems, habitats, niches, population Community diversity

Your text…has table below Despite all this we really focus on organism level.

Some more details… In ecology… diversity is also more technically referred to as richness

What is the richness of each of these communities? Is richness a great way of describing these two communities?

Species richness vs evenness evenness=relative abundance of each species

A little more terminology… Other ways of thinking about measuring diversity… Alpha diversity is the within-habitat diversity number of species per habitat Beta diversity is the between-habitat diversity number of different habitats Gamma diversity= # species in a given large area like continent

A. History of biodiversity (and extinction) on earth

1.Precambrian before about 500mya Ends with Cambrian explosion 2. Paleozoic Ends with the “End Permian” Extinction 3. Mesozoic Ends with the Cretaceous Extinction (K/T) 4. Cenozoic 5. Anthropocene

PRECAMBRIAN

Oldest fossils are Prokaryotes- What are Prokaryotes? Stromatolites (3.5bya)

Precambrian Ends with.. Cambrian explosion about 500mya

Paleozoic Period about mya Climate-Moist Swampy Plants-ferns, mosses, horsetail Giant insects

Many diverse amphibians were large! 9ft Science Daily Tiktaalik roseaeTiktaalik roseae, an early tetrapodomorph (late Devonian period, ~380 M. y. ago) (Credit: Arthur Weasley, GNU Free Documentation licence) GNU Free Documentation licence And scary fish

nationalgeographic.com Many Diverse Synapsids A dicynodont Thrinaxodon-cynodont

More Synapsids

Figure 23.4a OTHER TETRAPODS Reptiles (including dinosaurs and birds) Mammals † Very late (non- mammalian) cynodonts † Dimetrodon Cynodonts Therapsids Synapsids

Paleozoic Ends with the “End Permian Extinction” 250mya Effect 90-96% of all species Why? Huge amounts of lava oozing out of the earth Siberia- lasting millions of years…heat CO2 and sulfur dioxide /feature4/

Mesozoic about mya Dinos super diverse! Mammals around.. Flying and pollinating insects begin to diversify with flowering plants

Mesozoic about mya Dinos and diverse other reptiles! Mammals around.. Flying and pollinating insects begin to diversify with flowering plants

Mesozoic Ends with…Cretaceous Extinction event (K/T)! 65mya

Figure Time (mya) Paleozoic Mesozoic Cenozoic EOSDCPTrJPCN Q ,000 1,100 Era Period Total extinction rate (families per million years): Number of families:

Average species lives 1-10my One Bryzoan has been on the planet for 85 my! (p34) All Invertebrates Raup (1978) 11 Marine Invertebrates Valentine (1970) 5–10 Marine Animals Raup (1991) 4 Marine Animals Sepkoski (1992) 5 All Fossil Groups Simpson (1952).5–5 Mammals Martin (1993) 1 Cenozoic Mammals Raup and Stanley (1978) 1–2 Diatoms Van Valen 8 Dinoflagellates Van Valen (1973) 13 Planktonic Foraminifera Van Valen (1973) 7 Cenozoic BivalvesRaup and Stanley (1978) 10 Echinoderms Durham (1970) 6 Silurian Graptolites Rickards (1977) 2 Adapted from the book “extinction rates”, edited by Lawton, J, and May, R.[8] Wikipedia!!

hropocene_cartoon.jpg

I.BIODIVERSITY A. History of biodiversity (and extinction) on earth B. Where is biodiversity on earth and why? C. How many species do we have? (last Fri) D. Extinction today (Today and Wed) E. Relationships between ecosystem functioning, ecosystem services and biodiversity.

Biodiversity and where it is found..(Text 2.3) Land and water-do look at! Major biogeographic realms and ecoregions (Neotropics, Afrotropics, Nearctic..Western Indo Pacific etc…) Altitude and depth…  We will mostly focus on latitude 10 ha of forest in Brazil might have 300 species 10 ha of forest in US might have 30 species

Ants (Fischer 1960) Brazil 222 Trinidad 134 Cuba 101 Utah 63 Iowa 73 Alaska 7 Arctic Alaska 3 Snakes Mexico 293 U.S. 126 Canada 22 Freshwater fish Lakes Victoria/Tanganyika/ Malawi each have about 1450 species Amazon more than 1000 Central America has 456 North America 173

Marine inverts-planktonic crustaceans

Great Barrier Reef 50 genera of coral vs. 10 genera Is the north or south end more diverse?

Marine bivalves Butterflies Lizards

Why do we see this pattern? (not so clearly ordered in your text-p38) Hypotheses…… 1.Energy What does this mean? How might amount of energy reaching the earth affect the number of species? More solar radiation->>more photosynthetic activity- >>more resources->>more species

2. Evolutionary Time What does this mean? Why might tropical areas be “older”? All communities diversify over time because they accumulate species Older communities will have more species than younger communities tropical biotas ---”mature” temperate and polar biotas ---”immature communities” EX. Lake Baikal is one of the oldest lakes in the world 580 species of benthic invertebrates Great Slave Lake Canada 4 species in (comparable area, latitude)

3. Spatial heterogeneity (i.e., topography) Why might areas that vary lots in topography have more species? The more complex the physical structure of the environment 1. Many different kinds of habitats. But also.. 2. Speciation is encouraged-populations are easily isolated from one another….

4. Climatic stability Why might a more stabile climate increase diversity? means lower levels of extinction (museum of diversity)

Another factor that directly affects number of species is… 5. Size of area (Island Biogeography) Note: may or may not relate to why tropics is hi in diversity…

Plants on small islands in Bahamas Birds on lakes Bats and caves Springs in Australia Fig 10.3

I.BIODIVERSITY A. History of biodiversity (and extinction) on earth B. Where is biodiversity on earth and why? C. How many species do we have?

E. O. Wilson-Mr. Biodiversity The Ants The Diversity of Life Kcx6VXk

History of our attempts to count species Linnaeus-1758-described about 12,000 species Number of described species today 2 million extant (your text p30) In Mora paper…Used database of 1.2 million “catalogued 1.5 million” Much of the uncertainty revolves around number of insects… (and what other major group/s?)

Extrapolating actual number#1 (May) Assume all mammals have been identified. Found ratio of 1/3 Temperate to 2/3 Tropical mammals Assume all the Temperate insects have been identified (1 million) Then if this ratio is maintained we can extrapolate -----numbers of tropical insects should be.. ? 2 million (total insects should be?)

Extrapolating actual number#2 (May) =100 million total

67/22,000 The guy that wrote your chapter! Extrapolating actual number#3 (Gaston)

67/22,000 = 15,000/N The guy that wrote your chapter!

Extrapolating actual number#4 (Erwin) Insecticidal fog Estimated number of species in a specific tree Then extrapolated given the number of tree species (a better known taxon) Argues for 30 million insects alone

2 million described + May said add 2 million more for insects May said add 100 million based on size Gaston said add 5-6 million more for insects Erwin said add 30 million more for insects Pimm a well respected ecologist said 100 million (Some of these estimates are referred to in Table 1 of article for Friday…) What organisms are NOT included in these estimates???

1. Why bother with the hopeless task of counting species? 2. Review the nested nature of taxonomy!

3. What did they do with the “1.2 million currently valid from several publicly accessible sources”? What do they mean temporal accumulation curves of different taxa? Why would they be interested in when we discover species over time?

4. What do the graphs in Figure 1A-F show? What about graph 1G, what does it show?

5. What does Figure 2 show? What do they mean they are validating their approach?

6. What are at least two of the limitations of this approach that they describe? 7. What do you notice about Table 2? (FYI the Chromista are the non Protozoan Protists) How do these numbers compare with the estimates we went over? From the table, what groups have we done a good job with in terms of finding/identifying species and which have we done a poor job?

7. What were the main points of the critics of the paper? (Zimmer article and Eisen’s blog) There is a good analogy concerning a pyramid-did you notice?