A New National Identity and The Age of Jackson CHAPTERS 9 AND 10 A New National Identity and The Age of Jackson

Chapter 9 RUSH-BAGOT AGREEMENT Spring 1817 U.S. and British Canada wanted to keep their navies and fishing rights on the Great Lakes after the War of 1812 Limited naval power on the Great Lakes for both the U.S. and British Canada

CONVENTION OF 1818 Set the border between the U.S. and Canada at 49⁰N latitude as far west as the Rocky Mountains Both countries agreed to occupy the Pacific Northwest together

JAMES MONROE 5th President of the U.S. Elected in 1816 Sent troops to secure the U.S.-Spanish Florida border Seminole tribe raided U.S. settlements and helped runaway slaves Troops led by general Andrew Jackson Jackson’s troops invaded Florida → led to the First Seminole War

ADAMS-ONIS TREATY Jackson’s presence in Florida convinced the Spanish to negotiate 1819 – treaty settled all border disputes between U.S. and Spain Spain gave East Florida to the U.S. U.S. gave up claims to modern-day Texas

SIMON BOLIVAR 1820s - led struggles for independence in Latin America Monroe grew worried that European powers might want to colonize new Latin American countries

MONROE DOCTRINE December 2, 1823 – document protected American interests U.S. would not interfere in European wars or conflicts Western Hemisphere off-limits to colonization by foreign powers (Latin America was in U.S.’s sphere of influence) If Europe tried to colonize land in the Western Hemisphere, the U.S. would consider it to be a hostile act

NATIONALISM Feelings of pride and loyalty to a nation

AMERICAN SYSTEM Representative Henry Clay (Kentucky) believed a strong national economy would boost morale Developed a plan designed to make the U.S. more self-sufficient: National bank that would provide a single currency to make interstate trade easier and to finance roads and canals

HENRY CLAY (To fuel your nightmares)

CUMBERLAND ROAD Congress agreed with Clay and invested in road building 1815 - This road was the first road built by the federal government It ran from Maryland to West Virginia

ERIE CANAL 1817 – man-made waterway that ran from Albany to Buffalo, NY British, German, and Irish immigrants dug the entire canal by hand using shovels Allowed goods and people to move between NYC and towns on Lake Erie Canal-building boomed across the nation

ERA OF GOOD FEELINGS 1815 to 1825 Time of peace, pride, and progress National unity and power of the federal government strengthened by 2 Supreme Court cases: McCulloch v. Maryland – implied powers allowed Congress to create a national bank Gibbons v. Ogden – states could not prevent the federal government from regulating interstate trade

SECTIONALISM Disagreements between the different regions of the country Missouri applied to enter the Union as a slave state Union had 11 free states and 11 slave states Another slave state would have made the South stronger in the Senate

MISSOURI COMPROMISE Missouri would enter the Union as a slave state Maine would join as a free state Equal balance between free and slave states was maintained Slavery would be prohibited (not allowed) in any new territories or states for north of 36⁰30' latitude (Missouri’s southern border)

ELECTION OF 1824 Andrew Jackson won the most popular votes but not enough electoral votes to take office The House of Representatives had to choose the winner John Quincy Adams was chosen as the 6th President Jackson’s supporters claimed that Adams made a corrupt bargain with Clay

Chapter 10 HOPE FOR CHANGE Many Americans felt power was held too strongly by a small amount of wealthy Small farmers, frontier settlers, and slaveholders backed War of 1812 hero, Andrew Jackson They believed he would defend the rights of the common people and slave owners

JACKSONIAN DEMOCRACY Period of expanding democracy in the 1820s and 1830s More white males were granted suffrage (the right to vote); people became more involved in politics BUT free blacks were excluded from voting Nominating conventions – political party members choose party’s candidates

ELECTION OF 1828 Jackson’s supporters formed the Democratic Party People who backed John Quincy Adams formed the National Republican Party Jackson won the election of 1828 and became our 7th President John C. Calhoun was his VP

SPOILS SYSTEM Practice of giving government jobs to political supporters Jackson rewarded some of his supporters with government jobs

THREE REGIONS EMERGE NORTH SOUTH WEST Economy based on manufacturing Supported tariffs so American goods could compete with British goods Economy based on agriculture Opposed tariffs since they increased cost of imported goods (made European traders angry) Tariff of Abominations - Congress placed a high tariff on imports – this made Southerners angry and increased sectionalism Needed internal improvements such as roads and water transportation Supported policies that would boost farming economy and encourage further settlement

STATES’ RIGHTS DOCTRINE John C. Calhoun wrote the South Carolina Exposition and Protest Congress should not favor one state over another Doctrine said since states formed the federal government, federal government should have less power

NULLIFICATION CRISIS Calhoun believed that states had the right to nullify (reject) and federal law they judged to be unconstitutional Daniel Webster argued welfare of nation should override concerns of individual states South Carolina passed the Nullification Act SC threatened to leave the Union if the federal government collected tariff duties Jackson and Congress passed the Force Bill which would allow the President to use the army to put down a rebellion

JACKSON ATTACKS THE BANK Jackson did not always support greater federal power He opposed the Second Bank of the U.S. (1816) He believed it was unconstitutional – states should have the power to control banking system

McCULLOCH VS. MARYLAND Maryland tried to pass a tax that would limit the National Bank’s operations James McCulloch (cashier of the Bank in Maryland) refused to pay Supreme court decided the National Bank WAS constitutional

WHIG PARTY Political party formed in 1834 Favored a weak president and a strong Congress 1837 – Martin Van Buren (Democratic Party) became our 8th President since the Whigs could not agree on a candidate

PANIC OF 1837 Nation faced a severe economic depression People blamed Van Buren BUT Jackson’s banking policies did contribute to the panic by causing inflation by having states print an oversupply of paper state-bank notes 1840 – Whigs united, and William Henry Harrison (Whig Party) became our 9th President

INDIAN REMOVAL ACT 1830 – Congress authorized the removal of Native Americans who lived east of the Mississippi River to lands in the West Native Americans relocated to Indian Territory (present-day Oklahoma) Bureau of Native American Affairs set up by Congress to manage Indian removal

CHEROKEE RESISTANCE Many Cherokee Indians adopted white culture to protect themselves BUT when gold was found on their land in Georgia, militia attacked towns Cherokee sued the state Worcester v. Georgia – Supreme Court ruled that the Cherokee nation was independent of Georgia’s laws, but not the federal government Georgia ignored the ruling, and Jackson took no action to enforce it

TRAIL OF TEARS 1838 – President Jackson authorized American troops to remove all Cherokee and relocate them to the Indian Territory Cherokee were forced to march for 800 miles They suffered from hunger, disease, and harsh weather One-fourth of 18,000 Cherokee died

OTHER NATIVE AMERICAN RESISTANCE Black Hawk led Fox and Sauk Indians in Illinois against U.S. officials, but were forced to leave by 1850 Osceola led Seminole forces and fought against American military 4,000 Seminole were killed, but eventually American forces gave up fighting