Organic Chemistry - introduction 1 - Vladimíra Kvasnicová

Composition of Matter inorganic mater  oxygen (O) 50%  silicon (Si) 25%  aluminium (Al) 7%  iron (Fe) 5%  calcium (Ca) 3% 90%  sodium (Na)  potassium (K)  magnesium (Mg)  hydrogen (H)  titanium (Ti) (0,6%) organic mater „compounds of carbon“ C, O, H, N  carbon (C)  oxygen (O)  hydrogen (H)  nitrogen (N)  phosphorus (P)  sulfur (S)

Organic compounds „compounds of carbon“ hydrocarbon skeleton: C, H (linear / branched / cyclic)  saturated: CH 3 -(CH 2 ) n -CH 3  unsaturated: -CH=CH- or –C=C- heteroatoms: O, N, S, halogens  heterocyclic compounds  hydrocarbon derivatives (in functional groups) aliphatic or aromatic compounds

Valence of elements in organic compounds CARBONalways tetravalent NITROGENtrivalent OXYGENbivalent SULPHURbivalent HYDROGENmonovalent HALOGENSmonovalent

Types of bonds: 1) single (-ane)  saturated hydrocarbons 2) double (-ene) or triple (-yne)  unsaturated hydrocarbons 3) conjugated (planar cycle: arenes)

Shape of molecules σ-bond C-C π-bond C=C C≡CC≡C Alkanes –hybridization sp 3 – tetrahedral shape (4  bonds) ethane

Alkenes –hybridization sp 2 – trigon (3  and 1  ) Alkynes –hybridization sp – linear (2  and 2  ) ethene ethyne

meth-eth-prop-but-pent-hex-hept- monoditritetrapentahexahepta oct-non-dec- undec - dodec - tridec - icosa- octanonadeca Number of carbons / number of multiple bonds or substituents

Exercise - add names of the compounds: 1.CH 3 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 3 2.CH 3 -CH 2 -CH=CH-CH 3 3.CH 2 =CH 2 4.CH 3 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -C=CH 5.CH 3 -(CH 2 ) 10 -CH 3 butane pent-2-ene ethene hex-1-yne dodecane

Hydrocarbon rests (alkyls, R) CH 4 → CH 3 - → -CH 2 - methanemethyl methylene CH 3 -CH 3 → CH 3 -CH 2 - → -CH 2 -CH 2 - ethane ethyl ethylene CH 2 =CH 2 → CH 2 =CH- → -CH=CH- ethenevinyl vinylene („ethylene“)(ethenyl)

Naming hydrocarbons 1.find the longest linear chain: it is called „parent hydrocarbon chain“ 2.if multiple bonds are present they must be included in the parent chain 3.call the parent chain using related prefix to express number of carbons and a suffix to express the type of the hydrocarbon 4.order substituents alphabetically 5.number the parent chain from its end which gives the lovest locants to multiple bonds and to substituents (multiple bond takes precedence)

Naming hydrocarbons locant-substituent-prefix-locant of multiple bond-suffix CH 3 -CH 2 -CH(CH 2 CH 2 CH 3 )-CH=CH-C(CH 3 ) 2 -CH 3 call the compound:

Naming hydrocarbons locant-substituent-prefix-locant of multiple bond-suffix CH 3 -CH 2 -CH(CH 2 CH 2 CH 3 )-CH=CH-C(CH 3 ) 2 -CH 3 5-ethyl-2,2-dimethyloct-3-ene other substituents than alkyls: F = fluoro, Cl = chloro, Br = bromo, I = iodo NO 2 = nitro

meth-eth-prop-but-pent-hex-hept- monoditritetrapentahexahepta oct-non-dec- undec - dodec - tridec - icosa- octanonadeca Number of carbons / number of multiple bonds or substituents your HOMEWORK: