The Middle Ages IV Late Middle Ages Assisi, Captivity, Schism and Inquisition

St. Francis of Assisi Frater Parvulus “little brother” Il poverello “little poor man” Giovanni (John) di Bernardone renamed Francesco A.K.A

St. Francis of Assisi From a fairly well off familyFrom a fairly well off family Served as a soldierServed as a soldier Convicted by a leper and kissed his handConvicted by a leper and kissed his hand Gave away all he had (his fathers goods included)Gave away all he had (his fathers goods included) Kicked out of his familyKicked out of his family Ran away to serve the poor especially the lepersRan away to serve the poor especially the lepers

St. Francis of Assisi Given the chapel of Portiuncula “Little Portion”Given the chapel of Portiuncula “Little Portion” Heard the call to preach and did soHeard the call to preach and did so Lived by Matthew 16:24-26, 19:21, and Luke 9:1-6Lived by Matthew 16:24-26, 19:21, and Luke 9:1-6 He was simple and loved animalsHe was simple and loved animals Self proclaimed idiota “illiterate” and was therefore anti-education as it inspired prideSelf proclaimed idiota “illiterate” and was therefore anti-education as it inspired pride Was married to povertyWas married to poverty

St. Francis of Assisi He attracted followers called the fratres minores “the lesser brethren”He attracted followers called the fratres minores “the lesser brethren” Worked to earn food/lodging whenever possible, when not they stayed where they could.Worked to earn food/lodging whenever possible, when not they stayed where they could. Extreme emphasis on living out the gospelExtreme emphasis on living out the gospel Obtained papal sanction by rolling in pig mudObtained papal sanction by rolling in pig mud Companion nunnery founded by Clara of SciffiCompanion nunnery founded by Clara of Sciffi Order taken over by papacy and Francis’ ideology ultimately was set asideOrder taken over by papacy and Francis’ ideology ultimately was set aside

Mediaeval Dissenters Heretics and Non-Catholics Cathari – middle aged manichaensCathari – middle aged manichaens Albigensians – lived in Toulouse, the object of a CrusadeAlbigensians – lived in Toulouse, the object of a Crusade Beghards – distinctively clothed mendicants seeking “brod durch Gott” - bread through GodBeghards – distinctively clothed mendicants seeking “brod durch Gott” - bread through God Waldenses – one of the few to survive through persecution, almost pre- protestantsWaldenses – one of the few to survive through persecution, almost pre- protestants

The Inquisition Ecclesia non sitit sanguinem “The Church is not thirsty for blood”Ecclesia non sitit sanguinem “The Church is not thirsty for blood” Priests were not to order/attend executionsPriests were not to order/attend executions Pinnacle of mixing church and statePinnacle of mixing church and state Heretics are little foxesHeretics are little foxes Dominican monks were the primary force behind the Inquisition, though Franciscans were involved as wellDominican monks were the primary force behind the Inquisition, though Franciscans were involved as well

The Inquisition 1252 Innocent IV authorizes torture as means of obtaining confession1252 Innocent IV authorizes torture as means of obtaining confession Inquisitors dissociated from pastoral care of souls instead focusing purely on hereticsInquisitors dissociated from pastoral care of souls instead focusing purely on heretics They were given power to excommunicate, lay interdict, and absolve acts of violenceThey were given power to excommunicate, lay interdict, and absolve acts of violence Punishments were seizure of property, life imprisonment, and deathPunishments were seizure of property, life imprisonment, and death Spies were paid out of seized goodsSpies were paid out of seized goods Some places resisted, especially GermanySome places resisted, especially Germany

The Inquisition German Inquisition: Konrad of Marburg “the Lords watch-dog”German Inquisition: Konrad of Marburg “the Lords watch-dog” Confessor of Queen/St. ElizabethConfessor of Queen/St. Elizabeth Deprived her of maidservants and separated her from her three childrenDeprived her of maidservants and separated her from her three children Assigned her beatings for any wrongdoing ultimately resulting in her deathAssigned her beatings for any wrongdoing ultimately resulting in her death Konrad freely burned “Luciferans”Konrad freely burned “Luciferans” He was murdered in 1233, buried next to Elizabeth as a “herald of the Christian faith.”He was murdered in 1233, buried next to Elizabeth as a “herald of the Christian faith.”

Babylonian Captivity Pope Gregory VIII vs. King Phillip the FairPope Gregory VIII vs. King Phillip the Fair Benedict XI was more concilaitory than Gregory and gave in to the Emperor ending the conflict.Benedict XI was more concilaitory than Gregory and gave in to the Emperor ending the conflict. He was given poison in a dish of figs and diedHe was given poison in a dish of figs and died The Frenchman Clement V was elected pope starting the Babylonian Captivity of the papacyThe Frenchman Clement V was elected pope starting the Babylonian Captivity of the papacy The papal throne was moved to AvignonThe papal throne was moved to Avignon 7 popes, 70 years Clement V-Gregory XI7 popes, 70 years Clement V-Gregory XI

Babylonian Captivity Clement V undoes all that Boniface VIII had doneClement V undoes all that Boniface VIII had done France is declared in this dispensation as Israel was in the last.France is declared in this dispensation as Israel was in the last. Oct – The Templar holdings were siezed and the Templars arrested.Oct – The Templar holdings were siezed and the Templars arrested Clement V authorizes their persecution1308 Clement V authorizes their persecution John XXII – greedy as well as doctrinally poorJohn XXII – greedy as well as doctrinally poor Benedict XII a moderate and good ruler, he opposed nepotism and built a permanent Papal seat in AvignonBenedict XII a moderate and good ruler, he opposed nepotism and built a permanent Papal seat in Avignon

Babylonian Captivity Clement VI – nepotist who lived richly, money, food, and women. Avignon was officially purchased costing 80,000 florinsClement VI – nepotist who lived richly, money, food, and women. Avignon was officially purchased costing 80,000 florins Black Death spreading across EuropeBlack Death spreading across Europe Innocent VI – reduced the excesses of Avignon, and fought to hold Rome togetherInnocent VI – reduced the excesses of Avignon, and fought to hold Rome together Urban V – returns to Rome and settles in the Vatican and starts rebuildingUrban V – returns to Rome and settles in the Vatican and starts rebuilding Gregory XI – restoration of papacy to Rome to prevent anti-popesGregory XI – restoration of papacy to Rome to prevent anti-popes

The Papal Schism Gregory XI declares any election of pope valid after his death, to forestall anti-popesGregory XI declares any election of pope valid after his death, to forestall anti-popes After a mucky succession Urban VI became pope in 1378After a mucky succession Urban VI became pope in 1378 He was a terrible politician and insulted the CardinalsHe was a terrible politician and insulted the Cardinals In response the Cardinals return to France and elect Clement VII as popeIn response the Cardinals return to France and elect Clement VII as pope This starts a war Clement VII is held out of Rome so returns to Avignon and Europe is splitThis starts a war Clement VII is held out of Rome so returns to Avignon and Europe is split

The Papal Schism Roman Line Urban VI Boniface IX Innocent VII Gregory XII Avignon Line Clement VII Benedict XII Pisan Line Alexander V John XXIII Martin V

The Papal Schism Urban remains implacable, cold, hard, and anti-simonist. He has captive cardinals slainUrban remains implacable, cold, hard, and anti-simonist. He has captive cardinals slain Clement VII was political and flexible. He submitted to the French king and attempted reconciliation by appointing Urban lead CardinalClement VII was political and flexible. He submitted to the French king and attempted reconciliation by appointing Urban lead Cardinal Boniface IX young only 35 and charismatic but not well educated. He gained complete control of Italy. He was very much a simonist and nepotistBoniface IX young only 35 and charismatic but not well educated. He gained complete control of Italy. He was very much a simonist and nepotist Innocent VII took over in Rome after Boniface. He was also only 35 years old.Innocent VII took over in Rome after Boniface. He was also only 35 years old.

The Papal Schism Innocent VII continued listing Avignon popes with heretics pirates and brigands.Innocent VII continued listing Avignon popes with heretics pirates and brigands. He was driven from Rome as his nephew had murdered 11 chief men of the City, he was later recalled as they didn’t like the new rulerHe was driven from Rome as his nephew had murdered 11 chief men of the City, he was later recalled as they didn’t like the new ruler Gregory XII the last of the Roman schismatic popes. Was chosen partially because of his age, as older men have less ambition.Gregory XII the last of the Roman schismatic popes. Was chosen partially because of his age, as older men have less ambition. Took a vow when coming to office to heal the schism even if it meant abdicatingTook a vow when coming to office to heal the schism even if it meant abdicating

The Papal Schism Benedict XIII a.k.a. Peter de Luna refused to back down or heal the Schism by mutual abdication.Benedict XIII a.k.a. Peter de Luna refused to back down or heal the Schism by mutual abdication. The French king Charles VI was weak and insane which minimalized his influenceThe French king Charles VI was weak and insane which minimalized his influence Multiple councils were called with and without papal consent, including The Council of PisaMultiple councils were called with and without papal consent, including The Council of Pisa It started with 2 popes ended with 3 though the new pope Alexander V died before reaching RomeIt started with 2 popes ended with 3 though the new pope Alexander V died before reaching Rome Rome is sacked John XXIII is instated as popeRome is sacked John XXIII is instated as pope

The Papal Schism Rome is sacked John XXIII is removed as popeRome is sacked John XXIII is removed as pope Emperor Sigismund calls the Council of Constance lasting 4 years Emperor Sigismund calls the Council of Constance lasting 4 years John says he will abdicate if the others do, and it is agreed, John then flees and tries to regain support in FranceJohn says he will abdicate if the others do, and it is agreed, John then flees and tries to regain support in France Popes are declared fallible and subject to CouncilsPopes are declared fallible and subject to Councils John is put on trial, Gregory resigns, Benedict is deposed, though not gracefullyJohn is put on trial, Gregory resigns, Benedict is deposed, though not gracefully Nov Martin V is elected ending the SchismNov Martin V is elected ending the Schism