4.1 Electricity & Elements Which elements are solids, liquids and gases in the Periodic Table? Which elements are metals and which are non-metals in the Periodic table? How do you use a conduction tester? What is the conduction rule for elements and what is the exception?

4.1 Electricity & Elements What are state symbols and when can they be used in equations? Conduction in metals is caused by the movement of which particles from atom to atom? In metals, what is an electric current? What does the power supply do in a circuit?

4.2 Electricity and Compounds How can you decide if a compound is ionic or covalent from its name/formula? Which type of compound is always solid at room temperature? Which type of compound can conduct when solid? Which type of compound can conduct when molten/liquid – why? What is an experiment which could be used to decide if a compound was ionic or covalent?

4.2 Electricity and Compounds What are the state symbols which can be used for compounds? What are ions, how and why are they formed? How are the ions arranged in a solid and what holds them together? What is a lattice? Which types of atoms form positive ions and which form negative ions?

4.3 Electricity and Solutions What is the meaning of solvent, solute and solution? Which type of solutions are ionic and which are covalent? Which type of solution conduct electricity and why do they conduct electricity? What does a conduction graph look like?

4.3 Electricity and Solutions What happens to the conduction of a solution if its concentration increases? Describe what happens when atoms covalently bond? Why do atoms covalently bond?

4.4 Electrolysis What is meant by electrolysis? What is the experimental set up for an electrolysis experiment? What is formed at each electrode during an electrolysis experiment and how can you tell these substances are formed? What is the rule for the type of substances which are formed at each electrode? Why is electrolysis an example of a chemical reaction?

4.4 Electrolysis How do you write the symbols for different ions? Which type of ions are positively charged and which are negatively charged, why? Which direction do these ions move in an electrolysis experiment? How do you write an equation for an ion(s) changing to an atom(s)? Why is it not possible to electrolyse ionic solids or covalent solutions?

4.5 Batteries Which energy change takes place in an electric cell? What is the difference between a cell and a battery? Which experiment shows metals producing electricity (wet cell)? What causes a battery to go flat? What is a wet cell and a dry cell? What is a disadvantage of a wet cell battery? What makes a long life battery different?

4.5 Batteries What does re-chargeable mean? What is a lead-acid battery? What is in a car battery and state some disadvantages of a car battery? What is an electrolyte? How are electrons produced in a zinc-copper cell – what happens to the copper, what happens to the zinc? What is the function of a salt bridge?

4.6 Ionic Properties Why are noble gas arrangements thought to be very stable? How do you draw a target diagram to show atoms losing/gaining electrons? Why are ions very stable? How are ionic compound’s properties similar/different? What happens to an ionic lattice when it dissolves? What causes ionic compounds to be coloured?

4.6 Ionic Properties What is an experiment to show the movement of ions? What does this experiment explain?

4.7 Covalent Properties What is a stable octet? What are dot cross diagrams? Why can metal atoms not form a stable octet by covalent bonding? What does the lines in a structural formula represent?

4.7 Covalent Properties What are some typical properties of covalent compounds? What state are covalent compounds at room temperature? What are some examples of covalent compounds that are insoluble in water but will dissolve in other solvents?

4.8 Ionic Properties From the electron arrangement, how can you decide how many electrons an atom needs to gain/lose to form a stable ion? How do you draw target pictures for ions? What is an ionic bond? Why are all ionic compounds solid at room temperature? How can elements formed from the same element have different masses?

4.8 Ionic Properties How can you identify the atomic number, mass number and charge in the isotopic symbol for an ion? How can you decide the number of protons, electrons and neutrons from this? How can you identify isotopic ions?

4.9 Covalent Bonding In terms of electrons, what is a double bond? Single bond? How are multiple bonds represented in structural formulae? What are the two types of bonding in a molecular covalent substance? Are these bonds the same? Why? Why can covalent substances be solids, liquids or gases?

4.9 Covalent bonding What is a covalent network? Examples? What are some of the properties of covalent network substances? How does their bonding explain these properties? What are the similarities and differences between a covalent network and an ionic substance?