The Rise of the Medieval Monarch

Medieval France Hugh Capet (938 – 996) – The Capetian Dynasty (987 – 1226) Consolidating the Ile de France The Church as ally – Investiture and Succession

Extending the Ile de France The Angevin Empire as a threat to France. Eleanor of Aquitaine – Louis VII to Henry II Philip II/Philip Augustus (1180 – 1223) John, Innocent III, Frederick II and the fall of the Angevin Empire in 1259 Only Aquitaine was left to the English.

Turning South to the Cathars A Christian sect that refused to accept the authority of the Church. In some Instances calling the Church Satan himself. There views were varied and heretical in the eyes of the Church. Philip Augustus sees opportunity By the 1249 The Region of Toulouse was under Capetian control.

Royal Administration Philip asserted authority in financial, military, and judicial matters. He collected detailed information on precisely what was owed to him from different fiefs. Philip and officials interfered in as many issues over estates and inheritance as he could, to ensure more vassals. He went over the heads of his vassals and got their vassals to swear direct fealty to him. Created seneschals as civil servants to the king. Created investigators(enqueteurs) to watch his kingdom Began to impose special levies around military service.

Louis IX (St. Louis) to Philip the Fair St. Louis (1226 – 1270)extended royal control through reputation, prohibiting private warfare, and bringing townspeople into the fold of royal administration. Philip the Fair (1285 – 1314) Opposite of St. Louis, as he ruthlessly extended royal power. despite his ruthlessness he does begin the tradition of the Estates General, including all members of society in the illusion of decision making.

Philip the Fair and The Avignon Papacy Philip Claims the right to tax the clergy. Pope Boniface VIII issues papal bull telling the clergy to ignore the tax. Philip cuts off all exports to Rome and the Pope rescinds the bull “only in emergency” New quarrel emerges. Papal Bull Unam Sanctum – “It was necessary for everyone throughout the world to be subject to the authority of the Pope.” Philip and his thugs threaten the Pope and he soon dies in 1305. Philip then obtains the election of a French Pope, Clement V, who resides in Avignon, not Rome. From 1309 – 1377 the Papacy was a puppet of the French kings at Avignon. What now for the Papacy?

The Great Schism From 1378 – 1417 Western Christendom is divided by two, and briefly three Popes, who all claimed to be the descendents of St. Peter. The Council at Constance ends the Schism, but not before the papacy is severely weakened.

The Rise of The Medieval English Monarch 1066 – William the Conqueror invades England and defeats the Anglo – Saxons at the Battle of Hastings. All of England now belonged to William by right of conquest and he kept 1/6 for the crown. ½ went to his Norman Barons ¼ was returned to the Church All vassals in England swore primary allegiance to William in the Salisbury Oath of 1086. 1086 William issues the Domesday Book.

Henry I and Henry II Henry I pays his administrators salaries instead of issuing fiefs. Creates the exchequer – and “shield money” system. Henry II succeeds to the thrown and immediately puts his dominate personality to work in military, law, and conflicts with the papacy. Common Law, Sheriffs, and The Crusades as a money maker. Juries and Grand Juries. What about the “trial by ordeal” and “trial by battle” Assize of Arms

Henry II and The Church Henry fell into conflict with the Church’s Canon Law. In an attempt to circumvent the Church, Henry pushes for his “friend” Thomas Becket to be Archbishop of Canterbury. Becket becomes a thorn in the side of Henry. The Constitutions of Clarendon (1164) The issue is compromised, but Henry is scorned The murder of Thomas Becket at Canterbury. Henry is forced into a humiliating penance and the Church wins its rights.

Richard I and John I Richard only spent 6 months of his 11 year reign in England. Heavy taxation to pay for Crusades, War, and Ransom. John inherits a thrown and three adversaries he could not handle; Innocent III, Philip Augustus, and Angry Barons. The Magna Carta (1215) The significance of the Magna Carta and the origins of Parliament.

Edward I (1272 – 1307) Edward was the son of Henry III, a weak and unpopular ruler. Edward and the Baron War. Edward and monarchial authority, despite consistent interference by the “model parliament.” Financial endeavors to pay for Edward’s conquests – sale of charters. The Beginning of Empire; Wales, Scotland, and Ireland. Medieval England and France will be embroiled in a devastating war from (1337 – 1453)

The Hundred Year’s War (1337 – 1453) Joan of Arc (1412 – 1431) End of direct English influence on the continent. The devastation of France The War of the Roses in England