Section 20.1 Saturated Hydrocarbons 1.To understand the types of bonds formed by the carbon atom 2.To learn about the alkanes 3.To learn about structural isomers 4.To learn to draw structural formulas 5.To learn to name alkanes and substituted alkanes 6.To learn about the composition and uses of petroleum 7.To learn about the chemical reactions of alkanes Objectives

Section 20.1 Saturated Hydrocarbons Carbon Chemistry Carbon is unusual –Bonds strongly to itself –Forms long chains or rings Biomolecule – molecule that functions in maintaining and reproducing life Organic compounds – vast majority of carbon compounds –Exceptions – oxides and carbonates

Section 20.1 Saturated Hydrocarbons A. Carbon Bonding When carbon has 4 atoms bound to it these atoms have a tetrahedral shape.

Section 20.1 Saturated Hydrocarbons A. Carbon Bonding Double bond Triple bond Sharing of 3 pairs of electrons Sharing of 2 pairs of electrons

Section 20.1 Saturated Hydrocarbons B. Alkanes Hydrocarbons – compounds composed of carbon and hydrogen –Saturated – all carbon-carbon bonds are single bonds –Unsaturated – containing carbon-carbon multiple bonds

Section 20.1 Saturated Hydrocarbons B. Alkanes Alkanes – saturated hydrocarbons

Section 20.1 Saturated Hydrocarbons B. Alkanes Normal, straight-chain or unbranched hydrocarbons Contain strings or chains of carbon atoms –Representations

Section 20.1 Saturated Hydrocarbons B. Alkanes

Section 20.1 Saturated Hydrocarbons C. Structural Formulas and Isomerism Structural isomerism – occurs when 2 molecules have the same atoms but different bonds

Section 20.1 Saturated Hydrocarbons D. Naming Alkanes The name for an alkane is based on Greek root with the suffix –ane. Basic principles

Section 20.1 Saturated Hydrocarbons D. Naming Alkanes For branched hydrocarbons use the longest continuous chain for the root name. Basic principles

Section 20.1 Saturated Hydrocarbons D. Naming Alkanes Alkanes missing one H atom can have another hydrocarbon attached at the missing H point. Basic principles

Section 20.1 Saturated Hydrocarbons D. Naming Alkanes Specify the names of substituents by numbering the C atoms starting at the end closest to the branching. Basic principles

Section 20.1 Saturated Hydrocarbons D. Naming Alkanes Basic principles

Section 20.1 Saturated Hydrocarbons D. Naming Alkanes If a substituent occurs more than once use a prefix to show this. Basic principles 2,3-dimethylpentane

Section 20.1 Saturated Hydrocarbons D. Naming Alkanes

Section 20.1 Saturated Hydrocarbons E. Petroleum Hydrocarbons are an energy resource.

Section 20.1 Saturated Hydrocarbons E. Petroleum Petroleum – thick, dark liquid composed mostly of hydrocarbon compounds Natural gas – consists mostly of methane, usually associated with petroleum deposits

Section 20.1 Saturated Hydrocarbons F. Reactions of Alkanes Combustion – reaction with oxygen Substitution – one or more H atoms are replaced with different atoms

Section 20.1 Saturated Hydrocarbons F. Reactions of Alkanes Dehydrogenation – one or more H atoms are removed and the product is an unsaturated hydrocarbon