Byzantines, Russians, and Turks Unit 2 Chapter 11

I. Rise of Byzantine Empire Communications cause separation Justinian succeeds throne Absolute power Justinian Code

Justinian Code Code: 5,000 Roman Laws Digest: summarized opinions of Rome’s greatest legal thinkers Institutes: textbook that told law students how to use the laws Novellae (New Laws): legislation passed after 534.

II. Justinian Achievements: Life in Constantinople Public buildings Hagia Sophia Baths, aqueducts, law courts, schools, & hospitals Greco-roman culture Life in Constantinople “Middle Way”: Mese Hippodrome Nika Rebellion

III. Byzantine Empire Collapses Multiple setbacks Crisis after crisis Justinian dies (556 A.D.) Attacks from the East and West; eventually taken over by the Ottoman Turks

IV. Christian Church Divides Differences in development Icons banned (by Emperor Leo III in the East, Theodora restores them) Pope orders excommunication of Leo Pope and Patriarch excommunicate each other Christian Church officially splits

Church Divides (cont’d) Roman Catholic (West): Latin Pope most powerful Officials not allowed to marry Divorce prohibited Eastern Orthodox (East): Greek Patriarch Emperors most powerful Allowed to marry Divorce allowed

Church Divides (cont’d) Same beliefs: Faith based on gospel Use sacraments Priests and bishops lead Seek to convert people 2 successful missionaries (St. Methodius and St. Cyril; east) invent alphabet: Cyrillic Alphabet Many Slavic languages, including Russian, are written in this alphabet

V. Russian Roots Trade increased interactions between Byzantium and Northern neighbors (Slavs.) This blend created Russian culture. Ural Mountains: 1st unified territory King Rurik: Viking chief made king Founded Novgorod 862 CE (1st important city)

VI. Kiev A city on Dnieper River— easy access to Constantinople Slavs and Vikings intermarry; line b/w Slavs and Vikings disappears Vladimir (980 CE) Brought Christianity to Russia Sent out teams to observe several religions

Kiev (cont’d) Yaroslav the Wise: 1019; came to power Great glory Skillfully married off daughters to kings of Western Europe Legal code 1st library Christianity prospered After his death, divided realm among sons; led to separations and the decline of Kiev

VII. Mongols Genghis Khan Alexander Nevsky Destroy Kiev Very savage and brutal Demand lots of money and massive obedience (isolated Russia) Alexander Nevsky Novgorod’s Prince and military hero; advised cooperation with Mongols

VIII. Russia’s Independence Moscow founded Volga River Dnieper River Don River w/ control of rivers came control of Russia Ivan I Gained Mongol favor Moved Patriarch to Moscow (gave city prestige, and created an ally in the church) 3. Enlarged territory

Russian Independence (cont’d) Ivan III (czar) Challenged Mongol rule Gained independence from Mongols Bloodless standoff at Ugra River Wanted Russia to be the “Third Rome”

IX. Rise of the Turks Turks overthrow Abbasids (Muslims) Seljuk Dynasty takes over; 1055 CE Defeat Byzantium; take over Baghdad Turks gain Persian support Persian served as vizier: prime minister Malik Shah: most famous Seljuk sultans Beautified Isfahan

X. Seljuk Empire Falls Malik Shah died 1092; no one capable to replace him Pope Urban II launches 1st Crusade: religious wars between Christians and Muslims Called Christians to drive out Turks from Anatolia and recover Jerusalem 1099: Christians captured Jerusalem and massacred its Jewish and Muslim inhabitants

Crusades (cont’d) Eventually, Saladin (Muslim) recovered Jerusalem Richard I of England signs truce which gave Jerusalem to Muslims but granted Christians access to holy places More crusades called for Mongols (1200 CE) take Baghdad; huge empire; manage it poorly; Ottomans take over