II. Christianity and Medieval Civilization

A.The Papal Monarchy 1.The Catholic Church controlled land in central Italy called The Papal States 2.Controlling this territory kept Popes involved in worldly/ political matters 3.Many church officials were vassals to nobles and had to serve them 4.Because of this, nobles often interfered in the selection of church officials 5.Lay investiture 5.Lay investiture: the practice of lay (secular) rules choosing church officials

B.Reform of the Papacy 1.11 th century Church leaders realized allowing lay people to choose church leaders was a problem Pope Gregory VII 2.In 1073, Pope Gregory VII decided to end lay investiture 3.King Henry IV Investiture Controversy 3.King Henry IV of Germany opposed Gregory’s plan because, without lay investiture, he would lose control over the nobles; this conflict became known as the Investiture Controversy Concordat of Worms 4.The controversy wasn’t resolved until 1122 and the Concordat of Worms, which was a compromise between the Church and the German king

C.The Church Supreme 1.During 12 th century, popes increased the power of the church Pope Innocent III 2.In the 13 th century, Pope Innocent III brought the Catholic Church to the height of its power 3.As God’s representative on Earth, the pope claimed to have power over all European affairs and used different ways to control people 4.Interdict 4.Interdict: an order from the pope that forbids priests to give the sacraments to a group of people. The goal was for the people to pressure their ruler to obey the pope so they could receive church blessings again

D.New Religious Orders 1.In the 11 th and 12 th centuries, people became more religious and many joined monasteries or convents 2.Franciscan Monks St. Francis of Assisi 2.Franciscan Monks: founded by St. Francis of Assisi. Unlike other monks, they lived in the world and traveled around preaching and teaching heresy 3.Dominican Monks: founded by Dominic de Guzman, who wanted to rid the church of heresy (disagreeing with church teachings)

E.The Inquisition 1.A church “court” created to find and punish heretics 2.People who were accused of being heretics were tortured until they confessed 3.Throughout the centuries, the Inquisition became more gruesome and corrupt 4.Many innocent people were tortured and put to death because they disagreed with the church

The Inquisition The Inquisition