Unit 6 The Protestant Reformation

Causes Social and political unrestSocial and political unrest –New faith seen as a way of remaining Independent of outside control (HRE) Commoners, Lords and Kings were all tired of Church authority over themCommoners, Lords and Kings were all tired of Church authority over them –Tax money (Tithe)leaving their regions and winding up in Rome –Clerical immunity to temporal law

Catalysts Wycliffe and Huss had begun the movement by laying out the themesWycliffe and Huss had begun the movement by laying out the themes –Religious simplicity, poverty of clergy, a more egalitarian Church, vernacular bible Numerous abuses (Indulgences, clerical ignorance and immorality, too much spending)Numerous abuses (Indulgences, clerical ignorance and immorality, too much spending) The Printing Press helped spread the ideas (and vernacular Bibles)The Printing Press helped spread the ideas (and vernacular Bibles) –Johann Guttenberg

Martin Luther ( ) His father, Hans, was a minerHis father, Hans, was a miner –Extremely strict Middle class parents Studied liberal arts at the University of ErfurtStudied liberal arts at the University of Erfurt –Earned his masters, begins law school Conversion experienceConversion experience –Joins an Augustinian Monastery and is ordained in he earned his doctorate in Theology and joined the theology department at University of Wittenberg1512 he earned his doctorate in Theology and joined the theology department at University of Wittenberg

Luther’s main beliefs Justification by faith alone (not faith and good works and ceremonies)Justification by faith alone (not faith and good works and ceremonies) –You could never earn it through works and ceremonies but only trust and belief in Jesus Christ –Requires the Bible to be in the Vernacular He only believed in only 2 sacraments: Baptism and Eucharist and that lay authority more important than the ChurchHe only believed in only 2 sacraments: Baptism and Eucharist and that lay authority more important than the Church –He attacked Papal infallibility and stressed the “priesthood of all believers” lowering the importance of the clergy (more egalitarian)

The Indulgence Problem Begun in 1343 when the Pope claimed to possess a “treasury of merit”Begun in 1343 when the Pope claimed to possess a “treasury of merit” In 1517 Augustinian John Tetzel was selling a special “Jubilee indulgence which prompts Luther to post his 95 thesis on October 31 st 1517In 1517 Augustinian John Tetzel was selling a special “Jubilee indulgence which prompts Luther to post his 95 thesis on October 31 st 1517 ReactionsReactions –Luther condemned as a Heretic and excommunicated by Pope Leo X

Diet of Worms 1821 The new Emperor Charles V convenes the Diet of Worms to allow Luther an opportunity to recant his beliefs1821 The new Emperor Charles V convenes the Diet of Worms to allow Luther an opportunity to recant his beliefs –He refused, was placed under Imperial ban (Edict of Worms) and hidden by Frederick of Saxony translates New Testament (dies in 1546) Charles V distracted by wars (with France and Turks) needed the help of the German PrincesCharles V distracted by wars (with France and Turks) needed the help of the German Princes –Eventually offers the Peace of Augsburg (1555) which allowed German Princes to decide the religion of their land

John Calvin ( ) French lawyer trained at the University of Paris (Jean Cauvin) upper class backgroundFrench lawyer trained at the University of Paris (Jean Cauvin) upper class background Converted to Protestantism in 1534Converted to Protestantism in 1534 Author of The Institutes of the Christian ReligionAuthor of The Institutes of the Christian Religion –Inspired massive political resistance in France where Protestants were called Huegonots –He moves to Geneva in July of 1536 to escape and became a part of their governing body –Eventually exiled and would not return until 1540

Calvinism in Practice Predestination (However: the elect should live in a manifestly pleasing way)Predestination (However: the elect should live in a manifestly pleasing way) Everyone should try to re-order society according to God’s planEveryone should try to re-order society according to God’s plan He ran Geneva Switzerland as a theocracy (refuge for protestants)He ran Geneva Switzerland as a theocracy (refuge for protestants) –Bible # 1 authority (life governed by faith) –No dance, drink etc….

The English Reformation Irony? (1522 Henry was dubbed “Defender of the Faith by Pope Leo X)Irony? (1522 Henry was dubbed “Defender of the Faith by Pope Leo X) Henry VIII ( )Henry VIII ( ) –Catherine of Aragon (Spanish Princess) Problems? (widow of Henry’s brother)Problems? (widow of Henry’s brother) Henry wants Anne BoyleynHenry wants Anne Boyleyn The annulment controversy They had been married 18 years, no male heir, just “Bloody Mary”)The annulment controversy They had been married 18 years, no male heir, just “Bloody Mary”) Henry breaks with RC Church and creates the Church of EnglandHenry breaks with RC Church and creates the Church of England

The New Church Thomas Cranmer becomes Archbishop of Canterbury and grants the annulmentThomas Cranmer becomes Archbishop of Canterbury and grants the annulment The Act of Supremacy is passed by Parliament and the English King is recognized as the leader of the English ChurchThe Act of Supremacy is passed by Parliament and the English King is recognized as the leader of the English Church –Sir Thomas More executed for failing to recognize the new Church –No more tax money to Rome

The other wives of Henry VIII Anne BoyleynAnne Boyleyn –Mother of Elizabeth I, Beheaded for treason Jane SeymourJane Seymour –Mother of Edward VI Anne of CleavesAnne of Cleaves –Political marriage, eventually annuled Catherine Howard (beheaded for adultery)Catherine Howard (beheaded for adultery) Catherine Parr (Her third marriage)Catherine Parr (Her third marriage)

Henry’s Church How Protestant was he?How Protestant was he? –Kept the RC ban on clerical marriage –Also denied Eucharistic cup to the laity –Kept Confession as a sacrament Full Protestantism Edward VI ( )Full Protestantism Edward VI ( ) –Only 10 years old when he became King –His regents brought England to “Full Protestantism” –The Book of Common Prayer

The Counter Reformation The Council of Trent ( )The Council of Trent ( ) –3 sessions over 18 years –Reaffirmed many beliefs Pope infallible, faith and good works = salvation, only Church can interpret Bible, Indulgences OK, withhold cup from laity (no doctrinal changes)Pope infallible, faith and good works = salvation, only Church can interpret Bible, Indulgences OK, withhold cup from laity (no doctrinal changes) –Changes The Jesuits, cut into Simony, Seminaries to train clergy, the Index, The Inquisition, Bishops supervision more activeThe Jesuits, cut into Simony, Seminaries to train clergy, the Index, The Inquisition, Bishops supervision more active