Unit 1 ©Kimberly Anne Haight, DC

 Introduction   Office Hours  AIM Name  Resource Room  Syllabus  DocSharing  DropBox ©Kimberly Anne Haight, DC

 The liquid portion of blood is called plasma  You have 4-6 L of blood in your body  Plasma makes up 2.6 L  Blood is alkaline (pH is 7.5 to 7.45)  Americans donate 14 million units annually  Donated blood can only be stored for 6 weeks ©Kimberly Anne Haight, DC

 ABO System  Type A blood – have type A antigens in RBCs; anti-B type antibodies in plasma  Type B blood – have type B antigens in RBCs; anti-A type antibodies in plasma  Type AB blood – have type A and type B antigens in RBCs; no anti-A or anti-B antibodies in plasma (  called universal recipient blood  Type O blood – no type A or type B antigens in RBCs; both anti-A and anti-B antibodies in plasma  Called universal donor blood ©Kimberly Anne Haight, DC

 Named for Rhesus Monkey  Based on presence of or absence of Rh Factor in the blood  Surface of rbc’s contains makers that the immune system can recognize  Using + or – system  Transfusions can be serious ©Kimberly Anne Haight, DC

 Liquid fraction of whole blood minus any formed elements  It contains water as well as dissolved substances  Food, salts  About 3% of total oxygen transported in blood  About 5% of total carbon dioxide  Plasma proteins ©Kimberly Anne Haight, DC

 Plasma minus clotting factors called serum  Serum is liquid remaining after whole blood clots  Serum contains antibodies  Which are helpful to destroy toxins  They are specific to an antigen  Reminder: antigen is a foreign substance in the body capable of causing disease ©Kimberly Anne Haight, DC

 You accidentally step on a rattlesnake while hiking. It bites you and you seek treatment at a local hospital. The physician states that she is going to inject you with serum from a horse. She explains that the serum is from horses in which resistance to rattlesnake venom has been induced. You nod with understanding and give permission for this treatment. Explain to the worried friends who brought you to the hospital what serum is and how this serum will help your condition.  Why must this treatment involve serum and not plasma? ©Kimberly Anne Haight, DC

 Serum is the blood plasma minus its clotting factors that still contains antibodies – so it can treat patients who have a specific antibodies  How will this help ??? ©Kimberly Anne Haight, DC

 Serum contains antibodies  They are molecules in the plasma that destroy harmful toxins  Antibodies are specific to an antigen (foreign substance in the body capable of causing disease) ©Kimberly Anne Haight, DC

 Most docs treat using antivenin (this is an antitoxin specific to the venom of a particular toxin)  It is derived form antibodies created in a horse’s blood serum when the animal is injected with snake venom ©Kimberly Anne Haight, DC

 Referred to as erythrocytes  Formed in red bone marrow  Are a biconcave disc shape (thin center and thick edges)  Lack a nucleus  Named according to size  Normocytes (normal size 7-9 um in diameter)  Microcytic (small size)  Macrocytic (large size) ©Kimberly Anne Haight, DC

 Transport of respiratory gases (oxygen and carbon dioxide)  Plays an impt. Role in homeostasis of acid- base balance  A CBC (complete blood count) is a laboratory test used to measure the amount or levels of many blood constituents ©Kimberly Anne Haight, DC

 Low oxygen carrying capacity of blood  Major symptom: fatigue  Hemorrhagic anemia  Accidents / bleeding ulcers  Aplastic anemia  Toxic chemicals, excessive xrays, chemotherapy  Pernicious anemia  Lack of intrinsic factor ©Kimberly Anne Haight, DC

 Define sickle cell anemia. Name the cause and the symptoms and identify those individuals most affected by this serious disease. ©Kimberly Anne Haight, DC

 Called leukocytes  Categorized with granules or without granules  Granulocytic WBCs  Neutrophils  Eosinophils  Basophils  Agranulocytes  Lymphocytes  Monocytes  Function of WBCs – protection and disease fighting ©Kimberly Anne Haight, DC

 Amt of WBCs per cubic millimeter of whole blood  Ranges from  Leukopenia – low WBC count  Leukocytosis – high WBC count ©Kimberly Anne Haight, DC

 WBC count exceeds 100,000  Acute or Chronic – depends on how quickly symptoms appear after the disease begins  Lymphocytic or Myeloid – depends on the cell type involved ©Kimberly Anne Haight, DC

 The four main types of leukemia are:  Acute lymphoblastic leukemia, or ALL. ALL is the most common leukemia in children. Adults can also get it.  Acute myelogenous leukemia, or AML. AML affects both children and adults.  Chronic lymphocytic leukemia, or CLL. CLL is the most common leukemia in adults, mostly those who are older than 55. Children almost never get it. It sometimes runs in families.  Chronic myelogenous leukemia, or CML. CML occurs mostly in adults. ©Kimberly Anne Haight, DC