by: chris kazun

King of England from Highly educated spoke French, English and Latin Devout Catholic Detested Protestantism Hated Martin Luther

Henry betrothed to Catherine of Aragon Spanish-English alliance Problem: She was the widow of Henry’s brother Was Henry’s sister by marriage Pope Leo X wrote a dispensation allowing the marriage

1521 Wrote a pamphlet which condemned Martin Luther and his ideas “Defence of the Seven Sacraments” by Henry VIII Given the title “Defender of the Faith” by Pope Leo X

“ We have in this little book, gentle reader, clearly demonstrated, I hope, how absurdly and impiously Luther has handled the holy sacraments. …that others may understand how false and wicked his doctrine is, lest they might be so far deceived as to have a good opinion of him…” “…it is evident to all men what sacrilegious opinions he has of the sacrament of our Lord's Body, from which the sanctity of all the other sacraments flow: who would have doubted, if I had said nothing else, how unworthily, without scruple, he treats all the rest of the sacraments?” “he so undervalues customs, doctrine, manners, laws, decrees and faith of the church (yea, the whole church itself) that he almost denies there is any such thing as a church, except perhaps such a one as himself makes up of two or three heretics, of whom himself is chief…”

Catherine only bore him one surviving child Mary (1516–1558) Other children had died in infancy Needed a male heir to succeed to the throne Without an heir civil war was likely Felt God was punishing him for marrying his brothers widow

Desired Pope to grant an annulment of his marriage to Catherine Annulment declares marriage invalid – it never took place Pope Clement VII (cousin of Leo X) refused to grant the annulment Reasons: Church was convinced marriage was legal papal dispensation had been issued to allow marriage to begin with Pope needed to be cautious politically Catherine's nephew was Holy Roman Emperor, Charles V Pope refused to annul the marriage

Henry married Anne, 1533 Archbishop of Canterbury annulled Henry’s marriage to Catherine in 1533 Anne also had trouble producing a male heir Only surviving child was Elizabeth ( )

King of England was made supreme head of the Church in England Pope no longer had any religious authority in England Anne Boleyn was recognized as Queen All English subjects required to take oath of allegiance to the king Those who didn’t were imprisoned Speaking out against Act of Supremacy = execution

Generally cheerful with great sense of humor Humanist – emphasis on the value of humans and human actions Lawyer Became increasingly close to Henry Was often asked for counsel/advice Henry respected him greatly Chancellor of England (highest gov’t official) Followed policies of the King

Refused to recognize Henry’s marriage to Anne Boleyn Refused to take the oath Never spoke for or against Act of Supremacy Remained loyal to the king, but did not renounce the pope 2 reasons for refusal: violated scripture Violated Magna Carta Imprisoned in Tower of London for a year Henry tried to get him to change his mind

Trial was held in Parliament False testimony used Thomas declared his support of the pope Convicted of treason Beheaded To executioner: "Pluck up thy spirits, man, and be not afraid to do thine office. My neck is very short. Take heed, therefore, thou not strike awry for saving thine honesty. I die the King's good servant and God's first."

Established Anglican Church (Church of England) Despite breaking with Rome, Henry remained extremely conservative The statements of faith and practice he approved were very Catholic Big difference was rejecting pope’s authority Maintained: Transubstantiation Sacrament of penance Celibacy of clergy (priests not marrying) Rejected Luther’s teachings Always saw himself as a good Catholic

Edward VI – Henry’s only son (died age 15) His ministers tried to turn England into a Lutheran state Mary I (“Bloody Mary”) Re-established Catholicism Executed hundreds of Anglicans Elizabeth I Solidified the dominance of Anglicanism Incorporated bits and pieces of Protestant belief