Chapter 25 Section 1 India Per. 3, Global Issues December 3, 2009

Invasion, Empires and Inedependce EARLY HISTORY Indian civilization began in the Indus valley around 2500 B.C. They were Aryans and they made small kingdoms on the Ganges Plain. By the early 1500s the Aryans had created Mughal empire

Invasion, Empires and Inedependce continued EUORPEAN ARRIVAL Also in the 1500s, Europeans traders came to India looking for goods not found in Europe. British controlled India for 90 years. Mohandas Gandhi began a opposite movement based on nonviolent resistance.

Governing the World’s Largest Democracy India’s democracy reflects both the U.S and British governments. Many different cultural, ethnic, and religious factors that influence Indian politics.

Economic Challenges DEPENDENCE ON FARMING About 2/3 of Indians depend on farming as a living, and now they use land reform The green revolution finally got to India. Still peasant farmers lack land and money to take advantage of these technological improvements.

Economic Challenges continued GROWING INDUSTRY Although farming is a main economic activity in India, industry is also a main element. India is now a major producer of iron and steel, chemicals, machinery and food products. Main industrial regions are centered around: Kolkata(Calcutta) in south, Delhi in north, Mumbai(Bombay) and Ahmadabad in west.

Life in Modern India Life in Modern India DAILY LIFE Marriage and family are still the center of Indian lifestyle Some Indians eat largely vegetarian diet. Some Indian eat meat, fish, and chicken often in spicy dishes called curry.

Life in Modern India continued EDUCATION Most Indian still work on farms because they don’t have a high enough education or money to go to college. Education is the key in this change. The Indian government placed high priority on improving the public education to better prepare citizens for the future.

Indian Culture The Indian constitution recognizes 18 major language groups There are more than 100 languages and dialects spoken in India. India has a great variety of religions. Hindus make up almost 80% of India’s population. Also Islam exerts strong culture influence in certain parts of India But millions of Muslims left India to places now called Pakistan and Bangladesh

Pakistan and Bangladesh Global Issues

New Countries Ancient lands New Countries Ancient lands Pakistan and Bangladesh are two young countries striving to make their ways in modern world. Pakistan and Bangladesh are two young countries striving to make their ways in modern world. The Indus Valley civilization arose in what is now Pakistan around 2500 B.C. The Indus Valley civilization arose in what is now Pakistan around 2500 B.C. Indus Valley fell around 1500 B.C. and the Aryan invaded, soon after Mauryan, Gupta, and Mughal Empire ruled the territory that included modern Pakistan and Bangladesh. Indus Valley fell around 1500 B.C. and the Aryan invaded, soon after Mauryan, Gupta, and Mughal Empire ruled the territory that included modern Pakistan and Bangladesh. Then the British were the next to take the control of the region Then the British were the next to take the control of the region Indus Valley civilization

Partition and War Partition and War The rule of British ended in 1947 brought the division of British India. Two countries were created, India (predominately Hindu) and mainly Muslim Pakistan (separated into West and East Pakistan) The rule of British ended in 1947 brought the division of British India. Two countries were created, India (predominately Hindu) and mainly Muslim Pakistan (separated into West and East Pakistan) Partition led to much violence between Muslim and Hindu Partition led to much violence between Muslim and Hindu West Pakistan, East Pakistan, and their 1,100 miles separation eventually drove them apart. The people of East Pakistan began to call for their own state which led to civil war, and East Pakistan became independent, and Bangladesh was formed West Pakistan, East Pakistan, and their 1,100 miles separation eventually drove them apart. The people of East Pakistan began to call for their own state which led to civil war, and East Pakistan became independent, and Bangladesh was formed

Military Rule Military Rule Both Pakistan and Bangladesh had struggles since independence short period of elected government have alternated long periods of military rule. Both Pakistan and Bangladesh had struggles since independence short period of elected government have alternated long periods of military rule. Pakistan also has fought several destructive wars with India aver the territory of Kashmir. Pakistan also has fought several destructive wars with India aver the territory of Kashmir. In Pakistan and Bangladesh has had a women president, a variety in the Muslim world. In Pakistan and Bangladesh has had a women president, a variety in the Muslim world. Kashmir

Struggling Economies Both have economies depending on agriculture. Much of the population lives in poverty. Both have economies depending on agriculture. Much of the population lives in poverty. Many farmers, in both countries, follow less productive traditional ways. Many farmers, in both countries, follow less productive traditional ways. Climate also hinders crop yields. Large areas of Pakistan are arid. Bangladesh is severely affected by seasonal monsoons and cyclones. Climate also hinders crop yields. Large areas of Pakistan are arid. Bangladesh is severely affected by seasonal monsoons and cyclones. The most productive farming areas of Pakistan are the irrigated portion of the Indus Valley. The moist deltas lands of Bangladesh are the productive farming areas of the country. The most productive farming areas of Pakistan are the irrigated portion of the Indus Valley. The moist deltas lands of Bangladesh are the productive farming areas of the country.

Small Industry None of the Pakistan or Bangladesh are industrialized. None of the Pakistan or Bangladesh are industrialized. Both countries are growing textile industries that provide an important source of revenue and employment. Both countries are growing textile industries that provide an important source of revenue and employment. An important economic development has been the introduction of microcredit. This policy makes small loans to poor people who start and build a business grow in South Asia and has raised living standards for many producers, especially women. An important economic development has been the introduction of microcredit. This policy makes small loans to poor people who start and build a business grow in South Asia and has raised living standards for many producers, especially women.

NEPAL AND BHUTAN

GEOGRAPHICAL ISOLATION The mountain landscape is central upland ridges and valleys leading to the mountains that run along northern China. Nepal is home of Mt. Everest The country has no contact to the sea China controlled Bhuton in the 18 th century

EVOLVING MONARCHIES Nepal and Bhutan were split into small religious kingdoms. Hindu kings ruled Nepal Buddhist priest controlled Bhutan They were later united as monarchs passed their throne to heirs Government is controlled by constitutional monarchies

LIMITED RESOURCES Economies are based on agriculture Neither have much land for cultivation Small farms, soil is poor, erosion is a problem Farmers create terraces to increase farmland to produce rice, corn, and potatoes 70% of Bhutan is forested Trade wood products (deforestation is a problem), processed food. India is their largest trading partner.

INCREASING TOURISM The valley of Kathmandu capital and Himalayas are the most visited Mountain slopes increase trash and pollution Nepal regulates the tourist industry Allows limited number of visitors Some areas are off limits Tourism is a potential economic growth Tourism is the fastest growing industry

A MIX OF PEOPLE Indo Nepalese Hindus are the dominant ethnicity in Nepal Nepali is a variation of Sanskrit, an ancient Indo Aryan language Sherpa's are one of many groups of Tibetan ancestry of Nepal Bhote is the main ethnic group for Bhuton origins came from Tibet Live in two story homes 1 st floor is for livestock 2 nd floor is for families

RELIGIOUS CUSTOMS The founder of Buddhism is Siddhartha Gautama known as Buddha born on the border of Nepal Buddhist were later replaced by Hinduism but was strongly influenced by Buddhism Mandalas geometric designs and symbols are used for meditation Early Bhutan communities were built around large fortress-monasteries

THE ART AND RECREATION Himalayan culture has folk art and art festivals Artisans make metal bells, swords, jewelry, and intricate wooden sculptures Weave colorful textiles from silk, cotton, and wool Play flutes, drums, and long brass horns during festivals Elaborate costumes and perform dances on religious stories

Sri Lanka and the Maldives

History of the islands Settlement in Sri Lanka -Sri Lanka and the Maldives are island countries with strong connections to the South Asian subcontinent. -In the 6 th century B.C, people from the Northern Plains of India crossed the narrow strait separating the subcontinent from Sri Lanka, they because known as the Sinhalese , Ceylon changed its name to Sri Lanka and became a republic after independence, tensions grew between the Sinhalese and Tamil populations. Settlement in the Maldives -During the 4 th century A.D, Tamils began to arrive, they were Dravidian Hindus from Southern India. -Europeans began to colonize during the 16 th century. First came the Portuguese followed by the Dutch. British took control of the Island which they called Lyon in 1796 and ruled until its independence on 1948.

Life in the Islands Ethnic Mosaic of the islands -Sri Lanka is a diverse mix of ethnic and religious groups. -The population of the Maldives is also multi-ethnic. -Most Sinhalese live in the Southern, Western, and Central parts of the country. -The Tamils are concentrated in the northern Jaffna Peninsula, where much of the fighting has taken place. -The official language is Divehi, a language unique to the Maldives. -Arabic, Hindi, and English are also commonly spoken

Life in the Islands Cultural Life in Sri Lanka -Religion plays a key role in the culture Sri Lanka. Buddhist and Hindu temples, Muslim mosques, and Christian churches dot the landscape. -Art and literature are strongly influenced by religious traditions. Cultural Life in the Maldives -Muslim customs have a strong influence on the culture of the Maldives, Islam is the state religion, and no other religions are allowed.

Economic activities in the Islands Economic Strengths -Like small countries everywhere, the Maldives and Sri Lanka face tough economic challenges. Yet each country has made good use of its resources to promote economical growth. -The economy is based on agriculture –mainly rice farming -Unlike most countries of the region, Sri Lanka has large areas devoted to plantation agriculture, these large farms produce crops such as tea, rubber, ad coconuts for export. -Sri Lanka is famous for its gemstones including sapphires, rubies, and topaz -The economy of the Maldives is different from the economies of the rest of South Asia, faming is limited by lack of land, and most food has to be imported.

Economic activities in the Islands Tough Challenges -Until the 1890’s, tourism was also growing in Sri Lanka. The Civil war began, and the tourist industry collapsed. -Warfare has also disrupted other economic activities and damaged the country’s infrastructure –its roads, bridges, power systems, and other services. -Until peace returns to Sri Lanka, the economy is likely to struggle.