Class 2, Jan Explore Topics in Chapter 2, Solar System, using lecture tutorials, interactive polling, and “cartooning”

Organization of Chapter 2: Solar System Solar Nebula Hypothesis Sun Terrestrial Planets Gas Giants Dwarfs, comets, and asteroids Early Earth history Did you read the whole chapter? What facts amazed you? What concepts confused you?

A nebula is a cloud of gas and dust made by an exploding star. Stars release energy and build elements through nuclear fusion. Nuclear fusion creates new elements. Stars “burn” hydrogen, becoming brighter. Eventually, stars become Red Giants and explode. Butterfly Nebula 3,800 light-years away

Solar Nebula Hypothesis The Sun and other objects originated from the collapse and condensation of a nebula. Crab Nebula

The Solar Nebula Hypothesis Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. The solar system began with the collapse and condensation of a planetary nebula.

Vid clip Steven Hawking created a video on the formation of the Solar system

Our Sun: A Massive Hydrogen Bomb Held Together by Gravity Solar core is site of nuclear fusion. H is converted to He, which has less mass. Mass differential is expelled as energy (light and heat). The Sun is getting “lighter” through time. The Sun has enough fuel to last another 4 to 5 billion years. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Terrestrial planets are small and rocky, with thin atmospheres. MERCURY VENUS EARTH MARS

Participate in Poll Everywhere on your device: 1.phone: Send text JULIAHAMMER921 to to join 2. Tablet or laptop, navigate to: PollEv.com/juliahammer921

Test your knowledge PollEv questions:

MERCURY Extreme daytime heat, extreme nighttime cold VENUS Even hotter than Mercury due to high percentage of CO 2 EARTH Hot, energy-providing core with surface cool enough for liquid H 2 O MARS Most Earth-like with dry river channels indicating water in the past Terrestrial Planets

JUPITER Atmosphere: 89.8% H 2, 10.2% He Third-brightest object in the night sky after the Moon and Venus SATURN Atmosphere: 96.3% H 2, 3.25% He Would float in a bathtub URANUS Atmosphere: 82.5% H 2, 15.2% He, 2.3% CH 4 The only planet that does not rotate perpendicular to the ecliptic NEPTUNE Atmosphere: 80% H, 18.5% He, 1.5% CH 4 Inner two-thirds likely composed of a mixture of molten rock, water, liquid ammonia, and methane Gas Giants

Objects in the solar system include dwarf planets, comets, and asteroids. Dwarf planets Comets Asteroids

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Can you label this image?

The Five Dwarf Planets HAUMEA, MAKEMAKE, PLUTO Located in the Kuiper belt Pluto’s atmosphere: 98% N 2, < 1% H 2 O, < 1% CH 4, < 1% CO Pluto and Charon considered a “double-dwarf” ERIS Located in the scattered disk region Slightly larger than Pluto CERES Located in the asteroid belt

ASTEROIDS Rocky, metallic planetesimals COMETS Icy (water ice and other frozen liquids or gases) planetesimals Asteroids and Comets

Hadean Eon 4.5 Bya to 4.0 Bya Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Artist’s conception of most dramatic event in Earth’s earliest history

Computer simulation of this event

The words below are all related to the story of Earth’s earliest history. Organize them into a cartoon (a concept map). Radioactive decay melting Differentiation kinetic energy Mars-sized object 23 o inclination Earth-Moon system magma ocean cool and wet Giant impact U-Th-K Put the giant impact event into the context of Early Earth!

Hadean Eon 4.5 Bya to 4.0 Bya Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Test your understanding of what we just covered PollEv questions: What did Earth look like just after it formed? What is the source of Earth’s heat? When did the Earth acquire it’s second atmosphere? What elements were missing from Earth’s 2nd atmosphere? What are some ideas about the source of Earth’s surface water?

Action Items for Friday, 16 January 1. Read Chapter 3 of Fletcher 2. Answer questions in Laulima Tests&Quizzes 3. Sign up for Big Island Field Trip!