The Medieval Church HIS 101

Problems facing the Church 9 th century raids devastated many churches & monasteries Lay investiture & simony turned abbots & bishops into vassals of nobles Clerical marriage & concubinage increasingly common

Monastic Reform Movements Cluniac reform movement spread from abbey at Cluny - emphasized work & communal worship Cistercians founded in 1098 by dissatisfied monks who wanted return to strict discipline & simple lifestyle –rejected wealthy trappings, but success of farms worked by lay brothers ironically made them wealthy –St. Bernard of Clairvaux ( ) urged emotional love for Jesus, but also promoted 2 nd Crusade

Abbey of Cluny - Interior

More Monastic Reform Movements Franciscans founded by St. Francis of Assisi ( ) – disowned wealthy merchant father & tried to live exactly like Jesus –viewed all created things as equal before God –attempted to convert Muslims & end Crusades Dominicans founded by St. Dominic de Guzman ( ) –focused on combating heresy –became inquisitors in Holy Office

Sainte Chapelle Built by Louis IX, 1248

Investiture Controversy Gregory VII ( ) claimed to be “Christ’s Vicar on Earth” –Investiture controversy with Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV ( ) excommunicated Henry IV ( ) after Henry tried to depose him Henry went to Canossa to reconcile (1077), but deposed & exiled Pope in 1080 –Concordat of Worms (1122): bishops elected by church, invested with secular authority by king and spiritual authority by Pope

Reform Popes Urban II ( ) reorganized bureaucracy –organized papal curia (court) into specialized divisions –made cardinals (who elect popes) his advisors –called for 1 st crusade in 1095 Innocent III ( ) used interdiction (withholding of sacraments) to force Philip II Augustus to take back his wife & John to accept Archbishop of Canterbury

The Babylonian Captivity of the Church & the Great Schism King Philip IV of France ( ) began taxing French clergy –tried to arrest Pope Boniface VIII ( ) –arranged to have Pope Clement V ( ) elected & moved papacy to Avignon –Pope Gregory XI ( ) moved back to Rome in 1377 Great Schism ( ) saw rival popes compete for power Council of Constance (1417) resolved differences & agreed upon single Pope – Martin V ( )

Medieval Church Theology Sacraments = outward signs of inward grace, but often viewed as magical Saints used as intercessors due to special holiness, & their relics became tokens Virgin Mary seen as chief intercessor, in part due to new emphasis on Jesus’ human side Purgatory = place to complete punishment for sin before moving on to Heaven Indulgences (granted for good works or pilgrimages) reduced time in Purgatory

The Church & Education 200 universities & cathedral schools by 1100 –universitas = corporation of teachers or students –professors read lessons from scarce books (lectures) –oral exams only for degree Scholasticism emphasized liberal arts –A.B. (Artium Baccalarius) granted after 4 or 6 years –A.M. (Artium Magister) for completed curriculum –could seek doctorate in law, medicine or theology St. Thomas Aquinas ( ) –Summa Theologica addressed 600 topics –used Aristotle to reconcile faith & reason

St. Thomas Aquinas

Combating Heresy Inquisition est. to try those accused of heresy –goal = save their souls or protect other souls from them –used torture to get confessions; executed unrepentant Innocent III called crusade against Albigensians –Albigensians believed in matter/spirit dualism, rejected Rome’s authority & practiced strict asceticism –thousands of heretics slaughtered in southern France Jews increasingly persecuted, too –Crusaders killed them as well as Muslims –4 th Lateran Council encouraged them to wear distinguishing clothing & live in separate, walled communities (ghettoes)

Christian Reconquest of the Spanish Kingdoms Iberian peninsula controlled by Muslims since 700s Offensive by Christian Kingdoms begun in eleventh century: –Castile –Navarre –Aragón –Portugal Alfonso X (1252 – 1284) encouraged toleration of Muslims & Jews ©2003 Wadsworth, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning ™ is a trademark used herein under license.

The Crusades: Background Western Europe resurgent, and Middle East in turmoil Seljuk Turks conquered Abbasid caliphate (1055) & crushed Byzantine army at Battle of Manzikert (1071) Emperor Alexius Comnenus ( ) requested financial assistance from Pope Urban II to recruit mercenaries Instead, Pope called for 1st Crusade at Council of Clermont (1095) Emperor Alexius Comnenus

The First Crusade ( ) 3 Crusader armies (12, ,000) arrived in Constantinople in 1097 & acknowledged imperial authority Captured Antioch in 1098 Massacred inhabitants of Jerusalem in June 1099, after 5-week siege Est. feudal Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem, with Principality of Antioch and Counties of Edessa & Tripoli

Map: The Early Crusades ©2003 Wadsworth, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning ™ is a trademark used herein under license.

The 2 nd & 3 rd Crusades Second Crusade ( ) –Prompted by fall of Edessa in 1144 –Led by Louis III of France & H.R. Emperor Conrad III –failure partly due to lack of cooperation from Latin Kingdom Third Crusade ( ) –Saladin’s Sunni army conquered the Fatimid caliphate (Egypt) in 1169 & captured Jerusalem in 1189 –Led by H.R. Emperor Frederick Barbarossa, English King Richard the Lion-Hearted & French King Philip II Augustus –King Richard negotiated safe passage for pilgrims after failing to retake Jerusalem

Interior of Sainte Madeleine – Vézelay Site of Saint Bernard of Clairvaux’s Sermon Preaching the Second Crusade

The Later Crusades Innocent III called for 4 th Crusade ( ), but Venetians diverted them to Constantinople –Crusaders sacked Constantinople in 1204 & made Count Baldwin of Flanders emperor –Michael Paleologus restored Greek control in 1259, but Byzantium finished as a great power Children’s Crusade (1212) resulted in 20,000 kids dying at sea or being sold as slaves in Africa 6 th Crusade ( ) resulted in Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II being crowned King of Jerusalem without a fight –Turks reestablished control soon after he left

Map: The Crusades of the Thirteenth Century ©2003 Wadsworth, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning ™ is a trademark used herein under license.

Krak-des-Chevaliers Hospitallers, Syria, 1142