Revival in Europe European monarchs begin to build strong states –England –France –Holy Roman Empire The Crusades sped up the transformation in Europe from backwards and dark to a more modern civilization

I. Urban Splendor Reborn -- Between , population grew from 30 million to 42 million! A. Trade and Towns Grow Together 1. Serfs left feudalism a. towns offered more opportunity b. less warfare- it was safer to live outside the feudal system 2. Towns developed haphazardly a. no sewers, no baths, no clean water b. most common building material-wood c. Problems with these things?? B. Money economy 1. Transition from trade/barter to money

C. Towns and the Social Order 1. Merchants and craftsmen do not fit traditional social classes a. they were not noble b. Organized themselves into Guilds ---groups of merchants who could have the monopoly on trade 2. Rise of the Middle Class a. Medieval town (burg) b. Burghers/bourgeoisie c. Made up of merchants, bankers, and artisans who no longer depended on land to make a living

II. The Revival of Learning -The world had seen many centers of learning (Athens, Alexandria, Rome) but never in western Europe A.Most people were illiterate, but with towns came the need for education B.Scholars and Writing 1. University- scholars who met wherever they could a. buildings arose in Paris, Salerno, Oxford

C. Language a. Everything was written in Latin b. Vernacular – (everyday language) started to arise i. Dante Alighieri- The Divine Comedy ii. Geoffrey Chaucer- The Canterbury Tales c. Vernacular brought literature to the masses

D. The Muslim Connection 1. Muslims and Byzantines preserved ancient Greek writings 2. Jews translated Greek into Latin a. translating the ancient Greek manuscripts opened up a wealth of knowledge all at once E. Aquinas and Medieval Philosophy 1. Thomas Aquinas- most important thinker of the time a. Summa Theologica -argued the most basic religious truths could be proved by logical argument. F. Architecture D.Gothic construction

III. A Century of Turmoil During the 1300s, Europe was torn apart by religious strife, the bubonic plague, and the Hundred Years’ War

THE HUNDRED YEARS’ WAR A.Between 1337 and 1453, England and France fought a series of conflicts called the Hundred Years’ War B. The Battle of Crecy 1. Aug. 26, English outnumbered 3 to 1, but English longbowmen defeated the French 3. Arrows, not armor won the day 4. Chivalry was dead! C. Poitiers and Agincourt 1. Poitiers--Longbowmen win again and capture French king and son 2. Agincourt-1415 a English to 20,000-30,000 French 3. These battles lead to end of mounted knight and chivalry

D. Joan of Arc year old French woman 2. Heavenly voices told her to lead French 3. She does and is victorious, places Charles VII in kingship 3. Captured by the English 4. May 30, 1431—burned at the stake for witchcraft ----One of many statues of Joan of Arc—Reims, France

The Church Divided A. Pope and King Collide 1. Disagreement over who controls who B. Avignon and the Great Schism 1. Clement V moved the Papacy from Rome to Avignon (France) for 67 years 2. Disagreements over French/Roman pope led to nomination of 2 popes. a. Urban VI and Clement VII b. Each excommunicated the other 3. This started the GREAT SCHISM a. resolved by calling a council to determine who is rightful pope b. By the time they meet in 1414, there are THREE popes. c. Force all to resign and chose one, Martin V

C. A Scholarly Challenge to Church Authority 1. John Wycliffe—preached that Jesus Christ, not the pope, was the true head of the Church. 2. The Bible was the sole authority on God’s word, not the pope 3. Pope was materialistic, decadent 4. Jan Hus-said authority of the Bible higher than pope a. invited to council where he was burned at the stake

Bubonic Plague - A. Origins and Symptoms of the Plague 1. Asia to Europe on board boats 2. Spread throughout Europe a. scapegoats-the Jews b. 25 million people killed in Europe Ring around the rosy A pocketful of posies "Ashes, Ashes" We all fall down! Ring-a-Ring o'Rosies A Pocket full of Posies "A-tishoo! A-tishoo!" We all fall Down!

B. Effects of the Plague 1. Economic-population declined, towns disappeared, trade declined 2. Religion-prestige was lost because prayers were ‘unanswered’ 3. Pessimism- “Happy is he who has no children” 4. Shortsightedness-”Eat, drink, and be merry, for tomorrow you may die”