Chapter 6 Ancient Rome

Section 1 Early Rome and the Republic

The Geography of Italy A Land of Geographic Differences – Italy: “boot shaped” peninsula – Alps mountains, Mediterranean Sea, mountains rangers, islands, rivers Climate and Agriculture – cold to subtropical – poorly suited for agriculture – grapes & olives – location helped sea trade

The Early Romans Influences on Early Rome –Legend twin brothers Romulus & Remus founded Rome –Earliest :Latin people (farmers and herders) Etruscans (central Italy) –Established many City-states –Alphabet, architecture, builders, and artists –Adopt many elements of the Greek culture

The Government of Republican Rome REPUBLIC – (property of the people) –a government in which much of the power is held by elected representative; –voters chose people to represent them based on tradition, not a written constitution Consuls –two people elected as each year, –proposed laws, –led army, –one had VETO power over the other to stop the passage of a law

MAGISTRATES – government official – 1 year terms SENATE – council of representatives; made up of PATRICIANS –descendants of founding families of Rome, upper class, ran government PLEBEIANS – commoners, controlled tribal assembly, made up the military TRIBUNES – (elected by the plebeian) –official who could attend meetings of the assembly; forced patricians to publish written laws

Society in Republican Rome Oldest male head of family Ownership of slaves Women –Own property –Government decisions

Religion Similar to Greek Gods –Jupiter king of god –Juno wife of Jupiter (protector of marriage) –Minerva daughter (protector of wisdom)

Problems in the Late Republic gap between rich & poor widened enslaved captives began to outnumber free people

Section 2 From Republic to Empire

The End of the Republic Major Changes for Rome 107 BC Marius named consul & re-elected many times, brought reform LEGIONS – chief fighting unit of Roman Army, 5,000 soldiers –rewarded soldiers with money & land

Julius Caesar and Rome TRIUMVERATE, group of 3 leaders 60 BC Generals Pompey and Crassus allied with Julius Caesar to form First Triumvirate; –Crassus killed in 53 BC Caesar’s goal: conquer Gaul (France), Pompey tried to take his army 49 BC Caesar returned to Rome, Pompey fled to Greece

Caesar voted dictator for life Julian Calendar – July named after him March 15, 44bc –Brutus and Cassius, 2 senators, assassinated Caesar, now known as Ides of March

Augustus and Rome’s Golden Age The Augustan (the first citizen) Octavian (Caesar’s grandnephew) & Mark Anthony joined forces to defeat Brutus & Cassius 31 BC Octavian defeated Mark Anthony & Queen Cleopatra of Egypt 27 BC given title by Senate: Augustus, meaning “revered” Pax Romana – period of peace in Roman world under Augustus made tax system more fair, set up census, supported building campaign

Culture in the Golden Age Rome under Augustus was its Golden Age –roads kept safe from thieves by army – pirates chased from sea trade routes – more trade between Rome, India, & China –architecture, town planning, temples & other buildings

Section 3 The Empire Declines

The Empire Declines economic, social and political conflicts Sharp division (rich & poor) Leisure Time – entertainment was free – comedies and dramas in theatres –chariot races at Circus Maximus –Coliseum – could hold 45,000 people, fighting between wild animals & humans, or 2 gladiators (trained fighter, slaves, or condemned criminals)

Increasing Tensions Murdered some Rich- took their wealth INFLATION – steep rise in prices –Reduces people’s purchasing power Ruler became more brutal Power of army increased

Fifty Years of Trouble The Role of the Army – 20+ rulers in 50 years –ruled poorly – lead in making & breaking emperors – failed to protects its boarders –Assassination of Rulers

Diocletian key decisions 1.Divide the leadership 2 (co-leader) 1.Then into 4 --chief assistants (deputy) 2.Tetrarchy –Responsibilities shared by 4 individuals 2.Split empire into the eastern and western half 3.Doubled the side of the army (1/2 million) 4.He retired (abdication- voluntary resignation)

Constantine the Great A capable ruler Favored Christianity Vision: of a cross: In this sign you will conquer Edict of Milan: freedom to worship under his control.

United The Easter and Western co- empires Founding of the Constantinople –Today Istanbul

Living on Borrowed Time Eastern empire was the stronger of the two, west fell apart “The Fall of Rome” Write the information on the back of your notes Reasons for the Fall of Rome page 143

Reason for thefall of Rome Political CausesHarsh government Corrupt officials Divided empires in the East+ West Internal political struggles Economic CauseHeavy taxes Decline of population Decline of empire’s wealth Military CauseForeign invasions Weak border protection Social cause Self-interested upper class Loss of traditional values Lack of patriotism

Section 4 The development of Christianity

Jesus and the first Christians Romans worshiped many Gods People could worship their own God as long as they showed loyalty for Roman Gods (distant regions) Jews who lived in Judaea rebelled

Jesus/ Roman Governor Pontius Pilate Jesus –Son of God, worship on God, 10 commandments, Crucifixion Pontius Pilate –Found Jesus guilty of criminal actions –Nailed to a cross left to die

Spread of the Word 12 Apostles to spread Jesus teaching Jesus = Jesus Christ= Christianity Renouncing Evil by Baptism.

Freedom to worship The Roman Bishop becomes the Pope The leader of the Roman Catholic Church Missionaries spread the word world wide