Protestantism’s Spread & The Catholic Response SS.A.3.4.2; SS.B.1.4.4; SS.B.2.4.1

The Zwinglian Reformation Ulrich Zwingli, priest from Zurich, convinces the city council to reform churches in Zurich Ulrich Zwingli, priest from Zurich, convinces the city council to reform churches in Zurich Abolishes relics and images in churches Abolishes relics and images in churches Paintings removed, replaces with all white walls Paintings removed, replaces with all white walls Catholic mass replaces by scripture reading, prayer and sermons Catholic mass replaces by scripture reading, prayer and sermons Attempt to unite with Lutherans in Germany fails, because sides cannot agree on importance of Communion Attempt to unite with Lutherans in Germany fails, because sides cannot agree on importance of Communion

John Calvin & Calvinism War between Catholic and Protestant Swiss results in Zwingli’s death War between Catholic and Protestant Swiss results in Zwingli’s death John Calvin=new leader of Swiss reforms John Calvin=new leader of Swiss reforms French, but forced to live in Switzerland after he converts to Protestantism French, but forced to live in Switzerland after he converts to Protestantism Writes Institutes of the Christian Religion Writes Institutes of the Christian Religion Shared many beliefs with Lutherans Shared many beliefs with Lutherans Calvin also believed in predestination Calvin also believed in predestination Belief that God has already chosen the saved Belief that God has already chosen the saved Calvinists believe they always do God’s work Calvinists believe they always do God’s work

Calvin In Geneva 1536: Calvin attempts to reform Geneva 1536: Calvin attempts to reform Geneva Establishes new government based on church Establishes new government based on church Consistory established as court to punish those who don’t follow church teaching Consistory established as court to punish those who don’t follow church teaching Geneva becomes a center of Protestantism Geneva becomes a center of Protestantism 1550: Calvinism more influential than Lutheranism; spreads to parts of France, the Netherlands, and Eastern Europe 1550: Calvinism more influential than Lutheranism; spreads to parts of France, the Netherlands, and Eastern Europe

The English Reformation King Henry VIII of England wants an annulment, so he can marry another woman King Henry VIII of England wants an annulment, so he can marry another woman First wife, Catherine of Aragon, births a girl First wife, Catherine of Aragon, births a girl Henry wants to marry Anne B., wants a son Henry wants to marry Anne B., wants a son Asks pope for divorce—FAIL Asks pope for divorce—FAIL Asks Archbishop of Canterbury—FTW Asks Archbishop of Canterbury—FTW 1534: Parliament splits from Catholic Church with “Act of Supremacy” 1534: Parliament splits from Catholic Church with “Act of Supremacy” Henry stays close to Catholic teaching, son Edward VI’s priests like Protestantism Henry stays close to Catholic teaching, son Edward VI’s priests like Protestantism Henry and Catherine’s daughter “Bloody Mary” tries to bring England back to Pope, fails Henry and Catherine’s daughter “Bloody Mary” tries to bring England back to Pope, fails

The Anabaptists Disliked state control of church like Luther and Calvin established Disliked state control of church like Luther and Calvin established Anabaptists: faith should be by adults who choose a spiritual rebirth, and are baptized Anabaptists: faith should be by adults who choose a spiritual rebirth, and are baptized Adult baptism was a new idea, different than those held by Catholics and Protestants Adult baptism was a new idea, different than those held by Catholics and Protestants Separation of church and state=important Separation of church and state=important Ministers elected by people, from the community since all Christians are equal (but not women) Ministers elected by people, from the community since all Christians are equal (but not women) Did not believe in war or holding political office Did not believe in war or holding political office Catholics & Protestants persecuted Anabaptists Catholics & Protestants persecuted Anabaptists

The Protestant Family Protestants do not think celibacy= a special holiness Protestants do not think celibacy= a special holiness Monasticism & celibacy for clergy abolished Monasticism & celibacy for clergy abolished Protestants believed in equality between man and woman Protestants believed in equality between man and woman But in practice, men were still dominant, and women were expected to be obedient But in practice, men were still dominant, and women were expected to be obedient Main role of women=bare children Main role of women=bare children Reformation did little for women’s rights Reformation did little for women’s rights

Jesuits & The Catholic Reformation Mid-1500s: Protestantism is spreading Mid-1500s: Protestantism is spreading Catholic Church begins to reform itself Catholic Church begins to reform itself Jesuits, papacy reformed, Council of Trent Jesuits, papacy reformed, Council of Trent Jesuits “The Society of Jesus” was a religious order founded by Ignatius of Loyola Jesuits “The Society of Jesus” was a religious order founded by Ignatius of Loyola Swear loyalty to pope, used education as tool Swear loyalty to pope, used education as tool Reestablish Catholicism to eastern Europe and parts of Germany, Asia, Americas & Africa Reestablish Catholicism to eastern Europe and parts of Germany, Asia, Americas & Africa Popes were no longer allowed to play an active role in politics, and military affairs Popes were no longer allowed to play an active role in politics, and military affairs

Council of Trent Pope Paul III sees need for change, appoints Reform Commission in 1537 Pope Paul III sees need for change, appoints Reform Commission in 1537 Commission blames problems on popes’ abuses of power, politics and wealth Commission blames problems on popes’ abuses of power, politics and wealth 1545: Pope, bishops, theologians, abbots and cardinals meet to discuss Catholic faith 1545: Pope, bishops, theologians, abbots and cardinals meet to discuss Catholic faith Upholds: faith and good works needed for salvation, clerical celibacy, purgatory, sacraments, Eucharist Upholds: faith and good works needed for salvation, clerical celibacy, purgatory, sacraments, Eucharist Sale of indulgences is forbidden Sale of indulgences is forbidden