1 Open Access/Free Access: The Future of Publishing— F. Hill Slowinski, JD Senior Director and Executive Editor American Society of Clinical Oncology American Veterinary Medical Association Washington, DC July 17, 2007

© 2007 F. Hill Slowinski All rights reserved 2007 Annual Meeting Seminar AVMA 2007 Annual Meeting Seminar 2 Open Access/Free Access Definitions, Perspectives, and Statements on OA –Bethesda Statement on Open Access Publishing –Berlin Declaration on Open Access –Budapest Open Access Initiative –Washington DC Principles for Free Access to Science –Brussels Declaration on STM Publishing

© 2007 F. Hill Slowinski All rights reserved 2007 Annual Meeting Seminar AVMA 2007 Annual Meeting Seminar 3 Open Access/Free Access Current/Recent legislative initiatives –NIH Public Access Policy –Federal Research Public Access Act

© 2007 F. Hill Slowinski All rights reserved 2007 Annual Meeting Seminar AVMA 2007 Annual Meeting Seminar 4 Open Access/Free Access Other Public Access Policies –Wellcome Trust –Research Council of the UK –Howard Hughes Medical Institute

© 2007 F. Hill Slowinski All rights reserved 2007 Annual Meeting Seminar AVMA 2007 Annual Meeting Seminar 5 Open Access/Free Access The STM Publishing industry is business model neutral Copyright is central to the mission of publishers 3 ways to protect copyright  Lobby for good laws and against bad laws  Support enforcement  Educate users

© 2007 F. Hill Slowinski All rights reserved 2007 Annual Meeting Seminar AVMA 2007 Annual Meeting Seminar 6 Open Access/Free Access Distribution : Print :: Access : Online Product vs. Service Access: Who benefits? ◦ Readers -- knowledge ◦ Authors -- exposure ◦ Authors and readers

© 2007 F. Hill Slowinski All rights reserved 2007 Annual Meeting Seminar AVMA 2007 Annual Meeting Seminar 7 Open Access/Free Access Who pays in the Print Environment? ◦ Readers and institutions ◦ Authors ◦ Advertisers ◦ Funding agencies ◦ Government

© 2007 F. Hill Slowinski All rights reserved 2007 Annual Meeting Seminar AVMA 2007 Annual Meeting Seminar 8 Open Access/Free Access Who pays in Open Access? Who pays in Open Access? ◦ Definition - OA online access is free to all -- r eaders do not pay ◦ Original research results only

© 2007 F. Hill Slowinski All rights reserved 2007 Annual Meeting Seminar AVMA 2007 Annual Meeting Seminar 9 Open Access/Free Access Three types of Open Access Models ◦ Authors (institution) pays journal for publication ◦ Authors’ self-archiving parallel to author-pays ◦ Compulsory author deposit

© 2007 F. Hill Slowinski All rights reserved 2007 Annual Meeting Seminar AVMA 2007 Annual Meeting Seminar 10 Open Access/Free Access Business model innovation ◦ Stakeholders decide ◦ Technology will support

© 2007 F. Hill Slowinski All rights reserved 2007 Annual Meeting Seminar AVMA 2007 Annual Meeting Seminar 11 Open Access/Free Access Risks ◦ Mandatory open access could reduce business model innovation ◦ Unintended consequences ◦ Costs of enforcing mandate

© 2007 F. Hill Slowinski All rights reserved 2007 Annual Meeting Seminar AVMA 2007 Annual Meeting Seminar 12 Open Access/Free Access

© 2007 F. Hill Slowinski All rights reserved 2007 Annual Meeting Seminar AVMA 2007 Annual Meeting Seminar 13 Open Access/Free Access ARTICLE AGE SNAPSHOT: 72 % are greater than 6 months old 28% are less than 6 months old.

© 2007 F. Hill Slowinski All rights reserved 2007 Annual Meeting Seminar AVMA 2007 Annual Meeting Seminar 14 WHAT THE RESEARCHER WANTS –Universal access, 24/7 –One stop access to linked info from all relevant sources (jnls, bks, db’s, etc.) –Free at point of access –Easy browsing, searching, downloading –Permanent record => digital archive –Peer review and branding (prestigious journals to publish in)

© 2007 F. Hill Slowinski All rights reserved 2007 Annual Meeting Seminar AVMA 2007 Annual Meeting Seminar 15 OPEN ACCESS/ARCHIVING Difficulties in Adoption of OA –Progress slow, why? Extremely distributed effort: to be successful, 1m or so authors have to adhere to it –Experience tells publishers that even for books, authors don’t follow instructions –Long term access & archiving not thought through

© 2007 F. Hill Slowinski All rights reserved 2007 Annual Meeting Seminar AVMA 2007 Annual Meeting Seminar 16 OPEN ACCESS/ARCHIVING Difficulties in Adoption of OA –Authors can change articles with impunity –Scientists require professional, sophisticated systems that enhance research efficiency –If successful, OA undermines the very journal system on which it depends –No money for innovations and competition

© 2007 F. Hill Slowinski All rights reserved 2007 Annual Meeting Seminar AVMA 2007 Annual Meeting Seminar 17 UNCHALLENGED THESES 1.The Federal Govt. pays for the research therefore its availability should be free. –Primary research data often not made available by agencies –At state universities, the state has a major investment in the cost of research. –Private foundations and industry underwrite significant research costs. –Managing Peer Review and selection is expensive. –No compensation for value-added

© 2007 F. Hill Slowinski All rights reserved 2007 Annual Meeting Seminar AVMA 2007 Annual Meeting Seminar 18 UNCHALLENGED THESES 2. Because the Federal Govt. pays a fraction of the cost of publication (maybe), there should only be one payer, the author. –NIH claims control if funded in whole are in part, regardless of other funding of project, whether philanthropic, academic, private or public. –Co-funders of research lose all rights (a “taking”)

© 2007 F. Hill Slowinski All rights reserved 2007 Annual Meeting Seminar AVMA 2007 Annual Meeting Seminar 19 UNCHALLENGED THESES 3. There is no effect on Professional Societies. Nonsense: If left unchallenged it states that the consumer has no responsibility in insuring access. This policy sets a dangerous and chilling precedent. Many of the consumers of this research are not US taxpayers. For Professional Societies it could be survival.

© 2007 F. Hill Slowinski All rights reserved 2007 Annual Meeting Seminar AVMA 2007 Annual Meeting Seminar 20 THE EFFECT ON PROFESSIONAL SOCIETIES –Size is highly variable, e.g. 100’s to 1,000’s –Adhere to concept of peer review and maintenance of scientific standards –The context of science goes beyond publications –Income primarily from two sources: Membership & Publications –Supports scientific meetings, education, research, policy, advocacy, profession overall

© 2007 F. Hill Slowinski All rights reserved 2007 Annual Meeting Seminar AVMA 2007 Annual Meeting Seminar 21 INTEGRITY OF SOCIETY PUBLICATIONS Generally volunteer scientists Peer review High standards Importance of copyright in principle The display of content

© 2007 F. Hill Slowinski All rights reserved 2007 Annual Meeting Seminar AVMA 2007 Annual Meeting Seminar 22 TRENDS IN JOURNAL PUBLICATIONS Personal subscriptions declining at steady pace Institutional subscriptions are declining Print subscriptions were rapidly declining Implications for societal finances and publication quality

© 2007 F. Hill Slowinski All rights reserved 2007 Annual Meeting Seminar AVMA 2007 Annual Meeting Seminar 23 PUBLISHING COSTS MONEY – The Federal Govt. pays but a fraction. – ERGO: Everyone needs to pay. – The “context” within which science is conducted requires support, thus scientific publications provided by professional societies are essential to both the conduct and integrity of the scientific enterprise.

© 2007 F. Hill Slowinski All rights reserved 2007 Annual Meeting Seminar AVMA 2007 Annual Meeting Seminar 24 SUMMARY –Society Journals, too important to loose –Biological and Medical Sciences, a highly fractured discipline –More Publications in biological sciences & medicine than chemistry, physics, psychology and economics combined –Society Journal guarantee standards –Society Journal, peer review and integrity of the process –Essential source of income –Supports the context within which science is performed –Dangers of a legislative approach – A cautionary note for all

© 2007 F. Hill Slowinski All rights reserved 2007 Annual Meeting Seminar AVMA 2007 Annual Meeting Seminar 25 Open Access/Free Access A Future of Co-existence: May follow the Television models · Broadcast – advertisers pay · Public – government pays · Cable – subscriber pay · Pay per view – user pays

© 2007 F. Hill Slowinski All rights reserved 2007 Annual Meeting Seminar AVMA 2007 Annual Meeting Seminar 26 Open Access/Free Access Industry’s collective role ◦ Standards development that supports business model ◦ Input to legislators and regulators ◦ Help publishers give readers what they want

© 2007 F. Hill Slowinski All rights reserved 2007 Annual Meeting Seminar AVMA 2007 Annual Meeting Seminar 27 Open Access/Free Access Role of Government ◦ Create level playing field for innovations – hands off selection of models ◦ Support education and research ◦ Encourage creativity through intellectual property rights innovation

28 Open Access/Free Access: The Future of Publishing F. Hill Slowinski, JD Senior Director and Executive Editor American Society of Clinical Oncology American Veterinary Medical Association Washington, DC July 17, 2007