Iowa Assisted Living Association 8/25/15 Dave Tornabane OTR/L & Zach Kanis DPT, MHA Gentiva® Home Health

Objectives Identify recent US statistics regarding falls and associated healthcare costs Identify general fall risk factors Identify systemic fall risk factors Identify environmental fall risk factors Identify standardized tests available to assess at risk individuals Identify fall prevention interventions

Aging Population

Annual Cost of Falls

Healthcare Costs

Who is at Risk? Age? History of falls? Multiple medications? Unsteadiness? Dizziness? Weak? Poor sensation? Poor vision? Diabetes, stroke, neuropathy, arthritis, or joint disease?

Affected Systems Vestibular System Sensory system that provides information regarding sense of balance and spatial orientation needed for coordinating movement with balance. Central vs. peripheral 80% of patients with falls of unknown cause displayed symptoms of vestibular dysfunction Dizziness affects 30% of individuals over the age of 65 8 million patients/year visit a physician for dizziness

Affected Systems Vision System Sensory system that provides input to the CNS with respect to the position of the body within its surrounding environment Not absolutely necessary for balance The older adult tends to rely on their vision for balance Increased fall risk: failing eyesight, macular degeneration, glaucoma

Affected Systems Somatosensory System Sensory system that relates information about the body’s position in space relative to the support surface and the surrounding environment Information about the relationship of the body’s segments to one another Peripheral neuropathies Diabetic, drug-induced, age-related, and idiopathic neuropathies

Affected Systems Musculoskeletal System Muscles, tendons, bones, ligaments, joints Age-related changes in the musculoskeletal system can increase fall risk Natural degeneration Osteoporotic/arthritic postural changes Decreased joint movement Muscle weakness

Environmental Risk Factors 60% of falls among adults over the age of 65 occur in the home Most falls occur when an individual is performing or attempting to perform an activity of daily living What can you do prevent a fall? Remove obstacles and dangers Improve lighting in the home Ensure safety and fit Proper patient/resident transfer strategies Prepare for emergencies

Remove Obstacles and Dangers Clear pathways between high traffic areas, such as bedroom to bathroom. Remove items on the floor that they may trip over. Make sure rugs and mats are skid-proof and secured, with edges flush with the floor.

Improve Lighting in the Home Install brighter bulbs and additional lighting Illuminate entryways, outdoor walkways and other shadowed areas. Use of Contrast

Ensure Safety and Fit Assist with choosing shoes that are easy to walk in, supportive, low-heeled, closed back and non-slip. If they use a cane or walker, have it properly fitted by a healthcare professional. Durable Medical Equipment (DME) Tub bench, shower chair, toilet safety frame, bed-side commode, etc… Use of adaptive equipment Reacher, dressing stick, sock aid, long shoe horn, grab bars, etc…

Proper Patient/Resident Transfer Strategies Body Mechanics Environment Preparation Patient/Resident Preparation Proper use of equipment/devices

Prepare for Emergencies Make sure phones are easy to reach. Encourage daily contact with family and friends Place emergency and family contact numbers next to the phone. If they have a fall, do not hesitate to call 911

Standardized Testing Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB) Timed Standing Balance Feet together Semi-tandem Tandem Gait Speed-Timed ft walk Chair Stands-Timed 5 sit-to-stands

Standardized Testing Berg Balance Scale (BBS) Modified Clinical Test of Sensory Integration in Balance (mCTSIB) Dynamic Gait Index (DGI) Functional Reach Test Barthel Index

Berg Balance Scale Description: 14-item scale designed to measure balance of the older adult in a clinical setting. Equipment needed: Ruler, two standard chairs (one with arm rests, one without), footstool or step, stopwatch or wristwatch, 15 ft walkway Completion: Time: minutes Scoring: A five-point scale, ranging from 0-4. “0” indicates the lowest level of function and “4” the highest level of function. Total Score = 56 Interpretation: = low fall risk = medium fall risk 0 –20 = high fall risk A change of 8 points is required to reveal a genuine change in function between 2 assessments.

Berg Balance Scale SITTING TO STANDING INSTRUCTIONS: Please stand up. Try not to use your hand for support. ( ) 4 able to stand without using hands and stabilize independently ( ) 3 able to stand independently using hands ( ) 2 able to stand using hands after several tries ( ) 1 needs minimal aid to stand or stabilize ( ) 0 needs moderate or maximal assist to stand STANDING UNSUPPORTED INSTRUCTIONS: Please stand for two minutes without holding on. ( ) 4 able to stand safely for 2 minutes ( ) 3 able to stand 2 minutes with supervision ( ) 2 able to stand 30 seconds unsupported ( ) 1 needs several tries to stand 30 seconds unsupported ( ) 0 unable to stand 30 seconds unsupported If a subject is able to stand 2 minutes unsupported, score full points for sitting unsupported. Proceed to item #4. SITTING WITH BACK UNSUPPORTED BUT FEET SUPPORTED ON FLOOR OR ON A STOOL INSTRUCTIONS: Please sit with arms folded for 2 minutes. ( ) 4 able to sit safely and securely for 2 minutes ( ) 3 able to sit 2 minutes under supervision ( ) 2 able to able to sit 30 seconds ( ) 1 able to sit 10 seconds ( ) 0 unable to sit without support 10 seconds STANDING TO SITTING INSTRUCTIONS: Please sit down. ( ) 4 sits safely with minimal use of hands ( ) 3 controls descent by using hands ( ) 2 uses back of legs against chair to control descent ( ) 1 sits independently but has uncontrolled descent ( ) 0 needs assist to sit

Berg Balance Scale TRANSFERS INSTRUCTIONS: Arrange chair(s) for pivot transfer. Ask subject to transfer one way toward a seat with armrests and one way toward a seat without armrests. You may use two chairs (one with and one without armrests) or a bed and a chair. ( ) 4 able to transfer safely with minor use of hands ( ) 3 able to transfer safely definite need of hands ( ) 2 able to transfer with verbal cuing and/or supervision ( ) 1 needs one person to assist ( ) 0 needs two people to assist or supervise to be safe STANDING UNSUPPORTED WITH EYES CLOSED INSTRUCTIONS: Please close your eyes and stand still for 10 seconds. ( ) 4 able to stand 10 seconds safely ( ) 3 able to stand 10 seconds with supervision ( ) 2 able to stand 3 seconds ( ) 1 unable to keep eyes closed 3 seconds but stays safely ( ) 0 needs help to keep from falling STANDING UNSUPPORTED WITH FEET TOGETHER INSTRUCTIONS: Place your feet together and stand without holding on. ( ) 4 able to place feet together independently and stand 1 minute safely ( ) 3 able to place feet together independently and stand 1 minute with supervision ( ) 2 able to place feet together independently but unable to hold for 30 seconds ( ) 1 needs help to attain position but able to stand 15 seconds feet together ( ) 0 needs help to attain position and unable to hold for 15 seconds

Berg Balance Scale REACHING FORWARD WITH OUTSTRETCHED ARM WHILE STANDING INSTRUCTIONS: Lift arm to 90 degrees. Stretch out your fingers and reach forward as far as you can. (Examiner places a ruler at the end of fingertips when arm is at 90 degrees. Fingers should not touch the ruler while reaching forward. The recorded measure is the distance forward that the fingers reach while the subject is in the most forward lean position. When possible, ask subject to use both arms when reaching to avoid rotation of the trunk.) ( ) 4 can reach forward confidently 25 cm (10 inches) ( ) 3 can reach forward 12 cm (5 inches) ( ) 2 can reach forward 5 cm (2 inches) ( ) 1 reaches forward but needs supervision ( ) 0 loses balance while trying/requires external support PICK UP AN OBJECT FROM THE FLOOR FROM A STANDING POSITION INSTRUCTIONS: Pick up a shoe or slipper, which is in front of your feet ( ) 4 able to pick up slipper safely and easily ( ) 3 able to pick up slipper but needs supervision ( ) 2 unable to pick up but reaches 2-5 cm(1-2 inches) from slipper and keeps balance independently ( ) 1 unable to pick up and needs supervision while trying ( ) 0 unable to try/needs assist to keep from losing balance or falling TURNING TO LOOK BEHIND OVER LEFT AND RIGHT SHOULDERS WHILE STANDING INSTRUCTIONS: Turn to look directly behind you over toward the left shoulder. Repeat to the right. (Examiner may pick an object to look at directly behind the subject to encourage a better twist turn.) ( ) 4 looks behind from both sides and weight shifts well ( ) 3 looks behind one side only other side shows less weight shift ( ) 2 turns sideways only but maintains balance ( ) 1 needs supervision when turning ( ) 0 needs assist to keep from losing balance or falling TURN 360 DEGREES INSTRUCTIONS: Turn completely around in a full circle. Pause. Then turn a full circle in the other direction. ( ) 4 able to turn 360 degrees safely in 4 seconds or less ( ) 3 able to turn 360 degrees safely one side only 4 seconds or less ( ) 2 able to turn 360 degrees safely but slowly ( ) 1 needs close supervision or verbal cuing ( ) 0 needs assistance while turning

Berg Balance Scale PLACE ALTERNATE FOOT ON STEP OR STOOL WHILE STANDING UNSUPPORTED INSTRUCTIONS: Place each foot alternately on the step/stool. Continue until each foot has touched the step/stool four times. ( ) 4 able to stand independently and safely and complete 8 steps in 20 seconds ( ) 3 able to stand independently and complete 8 steps in > 20 seconds ( ) 2 able to complete 4 steps without aid with supervision ( ) 1 able to complete > 2 steps needs minimal assist ( ) 0 needs assistance to keep from falling/unable to try STANDING UNSUPPORTED ONE FOOT IN FRONT INSTRUCTIONS: (DEMONSTRATE TO SUBJECT) Place one foot directly in front of the other. If you feel that you cannot place your foot directly in front, try to step far enough ahead that the heel of your forward foot is ahead of the toes of the other foot. (To score 3 points, the length of the step should exceed the length of the other foot and the width of the stance should approximate the subject’s normal stride width.) ( ) 4 able to place foot tandem independently and hold 30 seconds ( ) 3 able to place foot ahead independently and hold 30 seconds ( ) 2 able to take small step independently and hold 30 seconds ( ) 1 needs help to step but can hold 15 seconds ( ) 0 loses balance while stepping or standing STANDING ON ONE LEG INSTRUCTIONS: Stand on one leg as long as you can without holding on. ( ) 4 able to lift leg independently and hold > 10 seconds ( ) 3 able to lift leg independently and hold 5-10 seconds ( ) 2 able to lift leg independently and hold L 3 seconds ( ) 1 tries to lift leg unable to hold 3 seconds but remains standing independently. ( ) 0 unable to try of needs assist to prevent fall

mCTSIB The mCTSIB is a modification of the CTSIB that eliminates the use of the visual conflict dome (Cohen et al 1993). It includes conditions 1,2,4,5 of the original CTSIB. To perform the test the patient stands with their hands at their side and performs the following 4 conditions: 1. (CTSIB condition 1) Stand on firm surface with the eyes open. 2. (CTSIB condition 2) Stand on firm surface with the eyes closed. 3. (CTSIB condition 4) Stand on compliant surface (foam) with the eyes open 4. (CTSIB condition 5) Stand on compliant surface (foam) with the eyes closed.

Functional Reach Test

Barthel Index FEEDING 0 = unable 5 = needs help cutting, spreading butter, etc., or requires modified diet 10 = independent ______ BATHING 0 = dependent 5 = independent (or in shower) ______ GROOMING 0 = needs to help with personal care 5 = independent face/hair/teeth/shaving (implements provided) ______ DRESSING 0 = dependent 5 = needs help but can do about half unaided 10 = independent (including buttons, zips, laces, etc.) ______ BOWELS 0 = incontinent (or needs to be given enemas) 5 = occasional accident 10 = continent ______ BLADDER 0 = incontinent, or catheterized and unable to manage alone 5 = occasional accident 10 = continent ______

Barthel Index TOILET USE 0 = dependent 5 = needs some help, but can do something alone 10 = independent (on and off, dressing, wiping) ______ TRANSFERS (BED TO CHAIR AND BACK) 0 = unable, no sitting balance 5 = major help (one or two people, physical), can sit 10 = minor help (verbal or physical) 15 = independent ______ MOBILITY (ON LEVEL SURFACES) 0 = immobile or < 50 yards 5 = wheelchair independent, including corners, > 50 yards 10 = walks with help of one person (verbal or physical) > 50 yards 15 = independent (but may use any aid; for example, stick) > 50 yards ______ STAIRS 0 = unable 5 = needs help (verbal, physical, carrying aid) 10 = independent ______ TOTAL (0–100): ______

Fall Prevention→ Skilled Intervention Exercises Balance Training Coordination training Gait Training Strength Training Endurance Training Tai Chi

Fall Prevention Skilled Intervention Vision Habituation/Adaptation Exercises Vestibular Maneuvers Habituation/Adaptation Exercises Modalities Monochromatic Infrared Energy (MIRE)

Fall Prevention Walking programs Regular exercise classes Healthy diet and proper hydration Promote use of assistive devices Don’t ignore their signs or symptoms of decreasing functional balance Talk to other staff and family Refer to a Physical Therapist and/or an Occupational Therapist

Conclusion BE AWARE PROMOTE SAFETY STAY VERTICAL

Questions? Dave Tornabane OTR/L Gentiva® Home Health Zach Kanis DPT, MHA Gentiva® Home Health