Solutions Chapter 12 Modern Chemistry Sections 1-3 Types of Mixtures The Solution Process Concentrations of Solution

Chapter 12 Section 2 The Solution Process p. 407-417

Chapter 12 Section 1 Types of Mixtures p. 401-406 Vocabulary Solubility Factors affecting rate of dissolution Saturated Unsaturated Supersaturated Solubility equilibrium Solubility values Dissociation Hydration Insoluble Immiscible Miscible Henry’s Law Effervescence Chapter 12 Section 1 Types of Mixtures p. 401-406

SOLUBILITY UNSATURATED SATURATED SUPERSATURATED SOLUBILITY EQUILIBRIUM SOLUBILITY VALUES SOLUBILITY FACTORS AFFECTING RATE OF DISSOLUTION IONIC SOLUTE LIQUID SOLUTE GAS SOLUTE TEMPERATURE PRESSURE SOLUBLE LIKES DISSOLVE LIKES DISSOCIATION HYDRATION MISCIBLE IMMISCIBLE INSOLUBLE HENRY’S LAW EFFERVESCENCE Chapter 12 Section 1 Types of Mixtures p. 401-406 Concept Map 12.2

Factors Affecting the Rate of Dissolution How would you make a solute dissolve faster? Stir. Break it up. Heat it. Agitate the solution Increase the surface area of the solute Heat the solvent Chapter 12 Section 2 The Solution Process p. 407-417

Factors Affecting Dissolution Rate Chapter 12 Section 2 The Solution Process p. 407-417

Chapter 12 Section 2 The Solution Process p. 407-417 Solubility Solubility of a substance is the amount of that substance required to form a saturated solutions with a specific amount of solvent at a specific temperature Look at the chart on page 410 Dependant on the nature of the solvent and the solute and the temperature of the solute The maximum amount that can be dissolved is not dependant on the rate it dissolves in grams 100 g H2O 20° C Chapter 12 Section 2 The Solution Process p. 407-417

Solubility & Temperature Chapter 12 Section 2 The Solution Process p. 407-417 p. 410

Solubility and Temperature Chapter 12 Section 2 The Solution Process p. 407-417 p. 414*

Solubility of Solids in Liquids Chapter 12 Section 2 The Solution Process p. 407-417

Chapter 12 Section 2 The Solution Process p. 407-417 Solubility There is a limit to the amount of solute that can be dissolved. Why? Solubility Equilibrium – the physical state in which the opposing processes of dissolution and crystallization of a solute occur at equal rates. In other words… the same amount of solute is dissolving and “undissolving” at the same time. Chapter 12 Section 2 The Solution Process p. 407-417

Solubility & Solution Equilibrium Chapter 12 Section 2 The Solution Process p. 407-417

Solubility Equilibrium Insert Holt Disc 2 Chapter 12 Section 2 The Solution Process p. 407-417

Saturated & Unsaturated Solns Saturated – A solution that contains the maximum amount of dissolved solute. You can tell that it is saturated because no more solute will dissolve and fall to the bottom of the container. Unsaturated – A solution that contains less solute than a saturated solution under the existing conditions. Chapter 12 Section 2 The Solution Process p. 407-417

Mass of Solute Added vs Mass of Solute Dissolved Chapter 12 Section 2 The Solution Process p. 407-417 p. 409

Supersaturated Solutions A solution that contains more dissolved solute than a saturated solution contains under the same conditions. HOW? Saturate a solution. Heat the solution so that more solute can be added. When the solution is cooled undisturbed it will be saturated. Chapter 12 Section 2 The Solution Process p. 407-417

Unsaturated Saturated Supersaturated LESS than 35.9g NaCl in 100g H2O at 20°C Unsaturated Saturated Supersaturated EXACTLY 35.9g NaCl in 100g H2O at 20°C MORE than 35.9g NaCl in 100g H2O at 20°C Chapter 12 Section 2 The Solution Process p. 407-417

Chapter 12 Section 2 The Solution Process p. 407-417 NaC2H3O2 Tower Insert Holt Disc 2 Chapter 12 Section 2 The Solution Process p. 407-417

Solubility of Compounds notes Solubility of Compounds Chapter 12 Section 2 The Solution Process p. 407-417

Solubility of Compounds notes Solubility of Compounds Chapter 12 Section 2 The Solution Process p. 407-417

Molecule Polarity REVIEW!! What is the molecule polarity of H2O? CCl4? How do we determine this? Insert Holt Disc 2 Chapter 12 Section 2 The Solution Process p. 407-417

Ionic Solute-Solvent Interaction Ionic solids that dissolve are soluble. Ionic solids will dissolve in polar solvents but not nonpolar solvents Water molecules break the crystal lattice into separate ions. This is dissociation. Then the water molecules surround the ions. This is hydration. Ionic solids that do not dissolve are insoluble. Chapter 12 Section 2 The Solution Process p. 407-417

Ionic Solute-Solvent Interaction Chapter 12 Section 2 The Solution Process p. 407-417 p. 411

Dissociation Animations Insert Holt Disc 2 Insert Glencoe Disk 2 Chapter 12 Section 2 The Solution Process p. 407-417

Chapter 12 Section 2 The Solution Process p. 407-417 Hydrated Na+ Insert Holt Disc 2 Chapter 12 Section 2 The Solution Process p. 407-417

Liquid Solute-Solvent Interaction Miscible – Liquids that dissolve freely in one another in any proportion. Immiscible – Liquids that are not soluble in each other. “Likes dissolve likes” Polar solutes dissolve in polar solvents. Nonpolar solutes dissolve in nonpolar solvents. Alcohols are slightly polar. Chapter 12 Section 2 The Solution Process p. 407-417

Miscible and Immiscible Chapter 12 Section 2 The Solution Process p. 407-417

Chapter 12 Section 2 The Solution Process p. 407-417 Immiscible & Miscible Chapter 12 Section 2 The Solution Process p. 407-417 p. 412

Chapter 12 Section 2 The Solution Process p. 407-417 How Soap Works Iodine Solubility Insert Holt Disc 2 Chapter 12 Section 2 The Solution Process p. 407-417

Gas Solute-Solvent Interactions Effect of pressure on gas solubility Pressure changes have little effect on liquid or solid solutes. Gases dissolved in a liquid are in an equilibrium This means that some of the gas molecules are going into the solvent and some are going out of the solvent at equal rates. Chapter 12 Section 2 The Solution Process p. 407-417

Solubility of a Gas in a Liquid Chapter 12 Section 2 The Solution Process p. 407-417

Gas Solute-Solvent Interactions Henry’s Law The solubility of a gas in a liquid is directly proportional to the partial pressure of that gas on the surface of the liquid. Chapter 12 Section 2 The Solution Process p. 407-417

Gas Solute-Solvent Interactions After being underwater for a long time, a diver will have more gases dissolved in the blood. The diver must pause during the ascent to allow the dissolved gas to come out of solution (the blood) slowly and to be exhaled. If the ascent is too fast the gas can come out of solution while flowing through blood vessels and block essential blood vessels, causing extreme pain, paralysis, or even death. Chapter 12 Section 2 The Solution Process p. 407-417

Chapter 12 Section 2 The Solution Process p. 407-417 Efervescence Chapter 12 Section 2 The Solution Process p. 407-417

Keep the fizz in your soda! Chapter 12 Section 2 The Solution Process p. 407-417

Chapter 12 Section 2 The Solution Process p. 407-417 Mentos and Coke? Eepy Bird http://www.eepybird.com/videos.html Steve Spangler Science http://www.stevespanglerscience.com/experiment/00000109 Mythbuster http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kMXPOqovSBs&feature=related Chapter 12 Section 2 The Solution Process p. 407-417

Gas Solute-Solvent Interactions Effect of temperature on gas solubility Increasing temperature decreases the solubility of a gas An increased temperature increases the kinetic energy so that gas molecules can escape from the solvent Chapter 12 Section 2 The Solution Process p. 407-417

Chapter 12 Section 2 The Solution Process p. 407-417 Enthalpy of Solution The net amount of energy absorbed as heat by the solution when a specific amount of solute dissolves in a solvent. If heat is given off when the solute dissolves, it is exothermic and the enthalpy is negative. If heat is taken in when the solute dissolves, it is endothermic and the enthalpy is positive. Look at the table of enthalpies on page 416. Chapter 12 Section 2 The Solution Process p. 407-417

Enthalpies of Solutions Chapter 12 Section 2 The Solution Process p. 407-417 p. 416

Chapter 12 Section 2 The Solution Process p. 407-417 Handheld Heater Insert Holt Disc 2 Chapter 12 Section 2 The Solution Process p. 407-417

Enthalpies of Solutions Chapter 12 Section 2 The Solution Process p. 407-417 p. 415

Chapter 12 Section 2 The Solution Process p. 407-417 Ch 12 Sec 2 Homework Section Review Page 416 # 1-7 Chapter 12 Section 2 The Solution Process p. 407-417