Physical Science Coach Kelsoe Pages 326–348 C HAPTER 11: M OTION

Physical Science Coach Kelsoe Pages 328–331 S ECTION 11–1: D ISTANCE AND D ISPLACEMENT

O BJECTIVES  Identify frames of reference and describe how they are used to measure motion.  Identify appropriate SI units for measuring distances.  Distinguish between distance and displacement.  Calculate displacement using vector addition.

C HOOSING A F RAME OF R EFERENCE  To describe motion accurately and completely, a frame of reference is necessary.  The necessary ingredient of a description of motion – a frame of reference – is a system of objects that are not moving with respect to one another.  You can’t measure motion without designating a frame of reference. How fast are you moving?

C HOOSING A F RAME OF R EFERENCE  Relative motion is movement in relation to a frame of reference.  For example, as a train moves past a platform, people standing on the platform will see those on the train speeding by. But when the people on the train look at one another, they don’t seem to be moving at all.  You can have several frames of reference operating at once. For instance, when you use a skywalk or people walking down the aisle of a railcar.

M EASURING D ISTANCE  Distance is the length of a path between two points.  When an object moves in a straight line, the distance is the length of the line connecting the object’s starting point and its ending point.  It is helpful to express distances in units that are best suited to the motion we are studying.  The SI unit for measuring distance is the meter (m). For very large distances, it is more common to make measurements in kilometers (km).

M EASURING D ISPLACEMENTS  To describe an object’s position relative to a given point, we need to know how far away and in what direction the object is from that point. Displacement provides this information.  Distance is the length of the path between two points. Displacement is the direction from the starting point and the length of a straight line from the starting point to the ending point.

M EASURING D ISPLACEMENTS  Displacements are sometimes used when giving directions. “Drive five miles,” often isn’t enough to get someone to the right place.  You can have distance without displacement. For instance, consider a roller coaster car. It might travel 3,000 feet through twists, turns, and loops. But its total displacement is zero.

C OMBINING D ISPLACEMENTS  Displacement is an example of a vector.  A vector is a quantity that has magnitude and direction. This magnitude can be size, length, or amount.  Vector addition is the combining of vector magnitudes and directions. Add displacements using vector addition.

C OMBINING D ISPLACEMENTS  When two displacements, represented by two vectors, have the same direction, you can add their magnitudes.  If two displacements are in the opposite directions, the magnitudes subtract from each other.  When two or more displacement vectors have different directions, they may be combined by graphing.  A resultant vector is the vector sum of two or more vectors.

C OMBINING V ECTORS

V OCABULARY  Frame of reference  Relative motion  Distance  Vector  Resultant vector