Multimedia Building Block : Animation References: T. Vaughan, “Multimedia: Making It Works 5th Edition”, Osborne/McGraw-Hill, 2001 S. McGloughlin, “Multimedia: Concepts and Practice”, Prentice Hall, 2001 CMPD273 Multimedia System Prepared by Nazrita Ibrahim © UNITEN2002

The power of animation Animation is achieved by adding motion to still image/object. May also be defined as the creation of moving pictures one frame at a time. Animation grabs attention. Few types of animation Layout transition Process/ information transition Object movement CMPD273 Multimedia System Prepared by Nazrita Ibrahim © UNITEN2002

Layout Transition The simplest form of animation is transition. Spiral Stretch Zoom Checkerboard CMPD273 Multimedia System Prepared by Nazrita Ibrahim © UNITEN2002

Process / Information transition Animation can be used to describe complex information / process in an easier way Perform visual cues (e.g. how things work) CMPD273 Multimedia System Prepared by Nazrita Ibrahim © UNITEN2002

Process / Information transition ALTER TABLE sales ADD customer_name char(30) null ADD Customer_name Commission Sales_amount Sales_date Customer ID DROP ALTER TABLE sales DROP COLUMN sales_date CMPD273 Multimedia System Prepared by Nazrita Ibrahim © UNITEN2002

Object movement Simple animated GIF Complex scene CMPD273 Multimedia System Prepared by Nazrita Ibrahim © UNITEN2002

How animation works Animation is possible because of a biological phenomenon known as persistence of vision An object seen by human eye remains chemically mapped on the eye’s retina for a brief time after viewing a psychological phenomenon called phi. Human’s mind need to conceptually complete the perceived action i.e. translating the action CMPD273 Multimedia System Prepared by Nazrita Ibrahim © UNITEN2002

How animation works Combination of these two (persistence of vision + phi) make it possible for a series of images that are changed very slightly and very rapidly, one after another, to seemingly blend together into a visual illusion of movement. E.g. a few cells or frames of rotating logo, when continuously and rapidly changed, the arrow of the compass is perceived to be spinning. CMPD273 Multimedia System Prepared by Nazrita Ibrahim © UNITEN2002

How animation works Still images are flashed in sequence to provide the illusion of animation CMPD273 Multimedia System Prepared by Nazrita Ibrahim © UNITEN2002

How animation works The speed of the image changes is called the frame rate. Film is typically delivered at 24 frames per second (fps) In reality, the projector light flashes twice per frame, thus increasing the flicker rate to 48 times per second to remove any flicker effect. The more interruptions per second, the more continuous the beam of light appears, the smoother the animation. CMPD273 Multimedia System Prepared by Nazrita Ibrahim © UNITEN2002

Animation techniques Cel animation Stop-motion Computer animation Digital cel & sprite animation Key frame animation Hybrid technique Kinematics Morphing CMPD273 Multimedia System Prepared by Nazrita Ibrahim © UNITEN2002

Animation techniques – Cel Animation Made famous by Disney A series of progressively different graphics are used for each frame of film Elements in a scene that might move, for example Kluang man, are drawn on sheets of transparent material called ‘cel’, and laid over a background which is drawn separately (kampung scenery for example) In producing a sequence, only the moving elements on the cel need to be redrawn for each frame, the fixed part of the scene need only be made once. CMPD273 Multimedia System Prepared by Nazrita Ibrahim © UNITEN2002

Animation techniques – Cel Animation Animation is drawn between keyframes. Key frames identify the start and end of some action The process of filling in the action is called tweening. Tweening is a process which requires calculating the number of frames between keyframes and the path the action takes, and then actually sketching on to a cel the series of progressively different outlines. CMPD273 Multimedia System Prepared by Nazrita Ibrahim © UNITEN2002

Animation techniques – Stop motion Miniatures three-dimensional sets are used (stage, objects) Objects are moved carefully between shots. Objects may include articulate figures, whose limbs can be repositioned, or solid figures whose parts are replaced, or substitute between shots, to produce an effect of gesture, walking, and so on. Plasticine may be used for objects, to be manipulated between shots to produce both natural movement, and otherwise impossible changes and transformations. CMPD273 Multimedia System Prepared by Nazrita Ibrahim © UNITEN2002

Computer Animation – Digital cel & sprite animation Employ the same logic and procedural concept of cel animation. Objects are drawn using 3D modeling software Objects and background are drawn on different layers, which can be put on top of one another. Layers allow you to create separate parts of a still image, for example, a person and the background of a scene they are walking through – so that each can be altered or moved independently. CMPD273 Multimedia System Prepared by Nazrita Ibrahim © UNITEN2002

Computer Animation – Digital cel & sprite animation Sprite animation – animation on moving object (sprite). A set of images, called faces is associated with each sprite. Example, a walking man, can be created by advancing the position of the sprite (the man) and cycling through the faces (walking motion), the man can be made to walk. CMPD273 Multimedia System Prepared by Nazrita Ibrahim © UNITEN2002

Computer Animation – Key Frame Animation Keyframes : Are drawn to provide the detailed characteristic of characters at important points in the animation. Example, specify the start and end of a walk, the top and bottom of the fall. 3D modeling and animation software will do the tweening process It fill in the gaps between the keyframes and create a smooth animation. You just set the value of frames per second (fps) for your animation. CMPD273 Multimedia System Prepared by Nazrita Ibrahim © UNITEN2002

Computer Animation – Key Frame Animation CMPD273 Multimedia System Prepared by Nazrita Ibrahim © UNITEN2002

Computer Animation – Hybrid technique Mixing cel and 3D computer animation. May as well include life footage. CMPD273 Multimedia System Prepared by Nazrita Ibrahim © UNITEN2002

Animation Techniques - Kinematics The study of motion of jointed structure (such as people) Realistic animation of such movement can be complex. Latest technology use motion capture for complex movement animation. CMPD273 Multimedia System Prepared by Nazrita Ibrahim © UNITEN2002

Animation techniques - Morphing The process of transitioning from one image to another CMPD273 Multimedia System Prepared by Nazrita Ibrahim © UNITEN2002

Animation Techniques - Morphing When morphing, few key elements (such as a nose from both images) are set to share the same location (one the final image). CMPD273 Multimedia System Prepared by Nazrita Ibrahim © UNITEN2002

Animation Techniques - Morphing CMPD273 Multimedia System Prepared by Nazrita Ibrahim © UNITEN2002

Animation File Formats Windows Media files : .avi, .asf or .wmv Apple QuickTime files: .qt or .mov Motion video files : .mpeg or .mpg Flash files : .swf Shockwaves files : .dcr Animated GIF : .gif CMPD273 Multimedia System Prepared by Nazrita Ibrahim © UNITEN2002

Creating Animation Use digital camera to capture each drawn frame. Scan the drawn image/frame. Video camera (connected through video capture card) is connected directly to computer to capture each frame of animation on disk – let it be on paper, cel, constructed on 3D set or by any other techniques discussed. CMPD273 Multimedia System Prepared by Nazrita Ibrahim © UNITEN2002

Creating Animation Software tool can help create object such as: Rolling ball CMPD273 Multimedia System Prepared by Nazrita Ibrahim © UNITEN2002

Creating Animation Create eight rotated images at 45-degree incremental angle, rotating a full circle of 360-degrees. when displayed sequentially at the same location, the sphere spins. Calculation is needed in order to create a smooth rolling effect. CMPD273 Multimedia System Prepared by Nazrita Ibrahim © UNITEN2002

Creating Animation A bouncing ball Gravity makes the ball speed up as it falls and slow down as it rises Formula: s = 1/2gt2 CMPD273 Multimedia System Prepared by Nazrita Ibrahim © UNITEN2002

Creating Animation = + Animated scene Few images are combined together. = + CMPD273 Multimedia System Prepared by Nazrita Ibrahim © UNITEN2002