Cell Structure Notes & Study Guide Plant & Animal Cells

Cell Theory Cells are the building blocks of all living things can be single-celled (called protozoa) can be multi-celled, where they have a specific function All life processes take place in cells Energy production Growth & reproduction New cells are produced from existing ones Cells divide into 2, then into 2 more… =exponential growth

Parts of a Cell Organelles = structures that perform specific functions in cells Cytoplasm = clear fluid surrounding organelles Differences between Plant & Animal Cells: Cell wall (plants) Large single vacuole (plants) Chloroplasts (plants)

Functions of the Organelles Cell Wall- The cell wall is an outer layer that surrounds and protects the cell and it also gives the cell its shape Cell Membrane- material that holds the contents of the cell inside Vacuole - organelle that stores nutrients and waste Chloraplast- organelles found only in plant cells that produce plant’s food (sugar) Cytoplasm - clear, jelly-like substance that holds organelles in place Nucleus- cell’s control center Contains chromosomes with DNA which contain the chemical instructions of life Mitochondria - organelles that release energy (H2O, CO2) from combo of food and oxygen DNA: - chemical that tells functions of life to cell Others Not Included in Science Book Ribosome - make protein for cell Golgi Apparatus - pack and carry proteins for cell Endoplasmic Reticulum - an organelle for cell reactions

The Cells We’re Studying: Animal Cell Plant Cell Cell Membrane Cell Membrane E.R. Cell Wall Cytoplasm Vacuole Nucleus Golgi Nucleus Ribosome Chloroplast Vacuole Golgi Ribosome Mitochondria Mitochondria Cytoplasm E.R.

Animal Cell Nucleus Pore Chromosomes Nuclear membrane Microtubules *ER : produces proteins and lipids for the cell's organelles Rough contains Ribosomes Chromosomes Contain DNA Nucleus Pore Nuclear membrane controls what enters and leaves the nucleus Microtubules Structural basis of the cells, used in mitosis Nucleus Control Center Cell Membrane Controls what substances enter & leave cell Nucleolus regulates all cell activity by controlling the enzymes present. Centriole Pull apart chromosoes during mitosis Rough ER* Mitochondria Creates energy Golgi apparatus FedEx: Transport System Vacuoles Stores nutrients and waste Cytoplasm Clear fluid Smooth ER* Ribosomes Make Proteins

Plant Cell Nuclear membrane Cell wall Nucleus Nuclear pore DNA controls what enters and leaves the nucleus Cell wall Nucleus Control Center Nuclear pore DNA Provides cell instructions for reproduction Nucleolus regulates all cell activity by controlling the enzymes present. Cell Membrane Controls what substances enter & leave cell Rough ER* Chloroplast Make sugars for food Smooth ER* *ER : produces proteins and lipids for the cell's organelles Rough contains Ribosomes Some Plant Cells have a centriole Cytoplasm Clear fluid Golgi apparatus FedEx: Transport System Microtubules Structural basis of the cells, used in mitosis Vacuole Stores nutrients and waste Mitochondria Creates energy Ribosomes Make Proteins

Animal vs. Plant: What’s the Difference? Animal Cell Characteristics Plant Cell Characteristics Small vacuole No cell wall Nucleus Mitochondria Cytoplasm Cell membrane DNA Chromosomes Golgi Bodies Ribosome E.R. Chloroplasts Cell wall BIG vacuole Nucleus Mitochondria Cytoplasm Cell membrane DNA Chromosomes Golgi Bodies Ribosome E.R

Name all of the organelles in the plant cell with BLUE shape by their label. WORD BOX Cell Wall 4. Nucleus Cytoplasm 5. Chloroplast Mitochondria 6. Vacuole 7. Cell Membrane

Animal Cell

Eukaryote have a nucleus (protists, fungi, plants, and animals)

Prokaryote lack a nucleus (most bacteria)

ORGANELLES OF THE CELL Nucleus The main control center of the cell Cytoplasm The jelly-like substance inside of the cell keeping the cell inflated, and allows flow of nutrients Nucleolus A small circular structure within the Nucleus which produces Ribosomes and proteins Cell Membrane Allows transfer of nutrients and oxygen, and acts as a filter

ORGANELLES OF THE CELL Cell Wall (plant cell only) Provides structural support and protects the cell Ribosomes The small particles containing RNA and other proteins, these are found in the cytoplasm of the cell Mitochondria The part of the cell that makes food into energy

ORGANELLES OF THE CELL Lysosome The part of the cell that contains digestive enzymes Chloroplast (plant cell only) The part of the cell that produces the green coloring and performs photosynthesis Golgi The part of the cell that modifies proteins for specific functions and prepares them for transport to other parts of the cell

ORGANELLES OF THE CELL Vacuole An area within the cell that stores food and/or waste of the cell

Parts of a Microscope

Examples of Protozoa Hydra Paramecium Daphnia

Cell Family Tree Cells Prokaryote (no Nucleus) Bacteria Eukaryote (have a Nucleus) Protozoa Plant Animal

Multicellular Organisms: 5 Structural Levels of Organization Organ System Organ Tissue Cell building block of life Perform a specific function Perform a specific job – made of at least 2 types of tissue Complete living thing that relies on cells for life functions

Specialized Cells Muscle Cell Nerve Cell Blood Cells

Cell Reproduction Cells Reproduce Through Two Processes: Mitosis= asexual reproduction A 6 step process where body cells reproduce by cell division. Create exact replicas of themselves for building tissues Examples: muscle cells, skin cells, nerve cells, blood cells Also Protozoa create exact replicas of themselves by cell division

Cell Reproduction Meiosis = Sexual Reproduction A 9 step process involving multiplication then division of cells. The reproductive process where new cells and organisms are formed Chromosomes from both parents are mixed when the sperm and egg cells combine to produce a fertilized egg

Comparison of Mitosis (cell growth) vs. Meiosis (cell reproduction):

Mitosis

Meiosis