How Computers Work Dr. John P. Abraham Professor UTPA

How does computer work with so many languages & Disciplines Software Hardware –recognizes –switches that are turned off and on –Transistors can act as switches and amplifiers. –One switch that provides two states,

Transistor analogy C Collector. Power supply voltage B base E Emittor By varying levels of current in B, the amount of current flowing into E can be regulated

Switches to store data - 2 n 1 – – 32 6 –

ASCII and Unicode 8 bits 16 or 32 bits

Opcode and Operand Operation And what is operated on How many instructions needed to handle programmatic need?

Computer System CPU - memory Peripherals (input & output)

CPU Control unit ALU Registers Interconnection

Operation of a CPU 1. Figure out where the next instruction is in the memory (instruction address calculation). 2. Fetch the instruction 3. Figure out what the fetched code means (decoding the instruction). 4. If it requires an operand –a. Figure out where the operand is kept (operand address calculation). b. Fetch the operand

continued c. If there are multiple operands repeat a and b. 5. Execute the instruction (such as add, subtract, multiply, jump, loop, etc) 6. Figure out the location to store the result (operand address calculation) 7. store the result, if there are multiple results repeat 6 and Go back to 1 to do the next instruction, or End if it is the last instruction.

The following slides are from Dale and Lewis

2 Natural Numbers Zero and any number obtained by repeatedly adding one to it. Examples: 100, 0, 45645, 32 Negative Numbers A value less than 0, with a – sign Examples: -24, -1, , -32 Numbers

3 Integers A natural number, a negative number, zero Examples: 249, 0, , - 32 Rational Numbers An integer or the quotient of two integers Examples: -249, -1, 0, 3/7, -2/5 Numbers

5 Aha! 642 is in BASE 10 The base of a number determines the number of digits and the value of digit positions Natural Numbers

6 Continuing with our example… 642 in base 10 positional notation is: 6 x 10 2 = 6 x 100 = x 10 1 = 4 x 10 = x 10º = 2 x 1 = 2 = 642 in base 10 This number is in base 10 The power indicates the position of the number Positional Notation

68 What if 642 has the base of 13? 642 in base 13 is equivalent to 1068 in base x 13 2 = 6 x 169 = x 13 1 = 4 x 13 = x 13º = 2 x 1 = 2 = 1068 in base 10 Positional Notation

9 Decimal is base 10 and has 10 digits: 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9 Binary is base 2 and has 2 digits: 0,1 For a number to exist in a given base, it can only contain the digits in that base, which range from 0 up to (but not including) the base. What bases can these numbers be in? 122, 198, 178, G1A4 Binary

10 How are digits in bases higher than 10 represented? With distinct symbols for 10 and above. Base 16 has 16 digits: 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,A,B,C,D,E, and F Bases Higher than 10

What is the decimal equivalent of the octal number 642? 6 x 8 2 = 6 x 64 = x 8 1 = 4 x 8 = x 8º = 2 x 1 = 2 = 418 in base Converting Octal to Decimal

What is the decimal equivalent of the hexadecimal number DEF? D x 16 2 = 13 x 256 = E x 16 1 = 14 x 16 = F x 16º = 15 x 1 = 15 = 3567 in base 10 Remember, the digits in base 16 are 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,A,B,C,D,E,F Converting Hexadecimal to Decimal

What is the decimal equivalent of the binary number ? 1 x 2 6 = 1 x 64 = x 2 5 = 1 x 32 = x 2 4 = 0 x 16 = x 2 3 = 1 x 8 = x 2 2 = 1 x 4 = x 2 1 = 1 x 2 = x 2º = 0 x 1 = 0 = 110 in base Converting Binary to Decimal

Remember that there are only 2 digits in binary, 0 and is 0 with a carry Carry Values Arithmetic in Binary

Remember borrowing? Apply that concept here: Subtracting Binary Numbers

Counting in Binary/Octal/Decimal

Mark groups of three (from right) Convert each group is 253 in base 8 17 Converting Binary to Octal

Mark groups of four (from right) Convert each group A B is AB in base Converting Binary to Hexadecimal

Converting Decimal to Octal Try some! /mathematics/real/Calculators/BaseC onv_calc_1.htm

While (the quotient is not zero) Divide the decimal number by the new base Make the remainder the next digit to the left in the answer Replace the original decimal number with the quotient Algorithm for converting number in base 10 to other bases 19 Converting Decimal to Other Bases

Converting Decimal to Octal What is 1988 (base 10) in base 8? Try it!

Converting Decimal to Octal Answer is :

What is 3567 (base 10) in base 16? Try it! 20 Converting Decimal to Hexadecimal

D E F 21 Converting Decimal to Hexadecimal

Computers have storage units called binary digits or bits Low Voltage = 0 High Voltage = 1 all bits have 0 or 1 22 Binary Numbers and Computers

Byte 8 bits The number of bits in a word determines the word length of the computer, but it is usually a multiple of 8 32-bit machines 64-bit machines etc. 23 Binary and Computers