India China

India Subcontinent Himalayas Northern plains Most fertile Most population Deccan Plateau Dry climate monsoons

2000 BC Aryans invaded central Asia and occupied territory as far as the North of India Sanskrit

Aryan Society 3-class system Warrior-nobles Priests Common people Chief: rajah (chosen from Warrior-Nobles) Flexible system

Caste system Humans & gods were part of universal order Fixed social groupings DHARMA—code of conduct for particular class KARMA—all the deeds of one’s life (good & bad) reincarnation Transparency 5

Hinduism More than a religion Way of life Vishnu- Shiva- Brahma- preserver Shiva- creator/destroyer Brahma- chief creator Reincarnation

Hindu Families Family center of society/security Obedience to elders Respect for ancient customs Wives/husbandstraditional roles Widows: sati (suttee)

China—Shang Dynasty Great artisans Powerful army Collect tribute from neighbors Farmers-grain & SILK Written language Small upper class King—high priest—DIVINE RIGHT-- Oracle spirits Large lower class

China—Zhou Dynasty Tired of paying tribute to Shangs Overthrew Shang: Rationale—if Shangs were better rulers, then couldn’t have been overthrown Zhou given MANDATE OF HEAVEN Kept rituals “pure” Citizens important Rulers for good of the people—trustees of the spirits

China—Zhou Dynasty Emperor’s title: Son of Heaven 900 years—longest dynasty in China’s history Too big  feudalism Oath of loyalty to help each other in times of troubles

FEUDALISM A political system in which nobles or lords are granted the use of lands that legally belong to the king (or emperor). In return, the nobles owe loyalty and military service to the king and protection to the people who live on their estates. Local lords more powerful Emperor’s power decreased

Accomplishments Technology: iron plows, weapons, canals for shipping, irrigation Trade: coins, merchantswealthy & influential Use of horses—is this really important? Government by bureaucrats Trained public officials to handle daily stuff Scholars/teachers—advise rulers on correct behavior & political manners writers

K’ung Fu-tzu Confucius Not a religion “I stand in awe of the spirits, but keep them at a distance.” Ethics How to treat your fellow man? Teacher, consultant, counselor, philosopher 5 Basic Relationships (transparency 6)

Chinese Family GREATEST SIN: disrespecting parents Family is more important than the individual A well-run family ensures a well-run government ♂superior to ♀ Sons more valuable than daughters Filial piety—ancestor worship Old agerespect & leisure GREATEST SIN: disrespecting parents Chinese Family

How many years ago was 8000 BC? Key Development Growth of village life 8000-3000 BC Causes Development of agriculture Domestication of animals What were the effects of the development of agriculture and the domestication of animals? How many years ago was 8000 BC? Effects Specialization of skills Private property New technology—sources of power, invention, networking Beginning of civilization