Change in populations over time

108. Genetics Notebook Check (stamp) 109. Genetics Unit Test 110. Evolution Coach Notes: Lessons 20 and 21 (graded) 111.Types of Evolution 112. Evidence Evolution Occurred 113. Cladogram Lab 114.Biochemical Evolutionary Evidence 115. Natural Selection Notes 116. Standardized Test Prep: Evolution (stamp on Thurs) 117. Peppered Moths Lab – multiple pages (will be graded) 118. Progress Report #8 – please get it signed! 119. Lamarck vs. Darwin (graded, did you hand this in?) 120. Evolution Practice Test 121. Evolution Quiz (May 2 nd and 3 rd ) 122. Evolution Notebook Check

Complete Lessons 20 and 21 in Coach according to the assignment guidelines below. Take notes on each main idea in outline. Define listed vocabulary words. Write q&a for four questions at the end of each less.

Divergent evolution Divergent evolution : one species splits into two or more that become less alike as they evolve. Convergent evolution Convergent evolution: two dissimilar species come to look like each other. Co-evolution parallel evolution Co-evolution: Two species evolve together, so that they eventually come to benefit each other (also called parallel evolution)

1.Fossils 1.Fossils: traces of past life found in sedimentary rock – Relative dating: lowest layer of rock = oldest fossils – Absolute dating: uses radioactive isotopes, determine half-life C-14’s half life = 5730 years If 25% of C-14 is left in rock… ½ 100% = 50% ½ 50% = 25% 2 half-lives gone by (5730 X 2 = 11,460 years) 2.Comparing Anatomy 2.Comparing Anatomy of different organisms – Homologous structures: similar (= related)

All similar in structure!! NOT similar!

– Analogous structures: different (= NOT related) bird vs. insect wings – Vestigial structures: no current purpose anymore Examples: appendix, tailbone, wisdom teeth, muscles that move ear bones 3. Embryology 3. Embryology : compare stages of development 4. Comparing biochemicals 4. Comparing biochemicals (DNA, proteins) of different organisms – APE: TTA CCG GGA GTT AAA – SNAKE: CTA GCA GGA CCC GTC – HUMAN: TTA CCG GGA GCC AAA

What type of evolutionary evidence are these showing?

Evolution Online Class Evolution Practice Questions

___________________________: the study of how groups of organisms are related to each other Compare the ________________________________ of many different organisms When different organisms share a large # of _________________________________ it is considered strong evidence that they are related to each other. When organisms are related to each other, it means they must have had a common _____________________at some time in the past. CLADOGRAM CLADOGRAM: shared-derived structures The more shared-derived structures two organisms share, the closer their evolutionary relationship is!!

PHYLOGENY PHYLOGENY: the study of how groups of organisms are related to each other Compare the ANATOMICAL STRUCTURES of many different organisms When different organisms share a large # of HOMOLOGOUS STRUCTURES it is considered strong evidence that they are related to each other. When organisms are related to each other, it means they must have had a common ANCESTOR at some time in the past. CLADOGRAM CLADOGRAM: a diagram of branching lines which connect different groups, showing their different degrees of relationship. Also called "phylogenetic trees“ shared-derived structures The more shared-derived structures two organisms share, the closer their evolutionary relationship is!!

Has wings 6 legs Double set of wings Curly antennae Legs Segmented body Jumping legs Crushing mouthparts

SHARKBULL FROG KANGA ROO HUMAN VERTEBRAE 2 PAIRS OF LIMBS MAMMARY GLANDS PLACENTA

Vertebrae 2 Pairs Of Limbs Mammary Glands SHARK FROG KANGAROO Placenta HUMAN

TraitsKangarooLampreyRhesus Monkey BullfrogHumanSnap Turtle Tuna Fish 1 Dorsal nerve cord + Notochord 2 Paired Appendages + Backbone 3 Paired Legs 4 Amnion/Amniotic Sac 5 Mammary Glands 6 Placenta 7 Canine Teeth Short + Foramen Magnum Forward TOTAL # OF Xs

TraitsKangarooLampreyRhesus Monkey BullfrogHumanSnap Turtle Tuna Fish 1 Dorsal nerve cord + Notochord 2 Paired Appendages + Backbone 3 Paired Legs 4 Amnion/Amniotic Sac 5 Mammary Glands 6 Placenta 7 Canine Teeth Short + Foramen Magnum Forward TOTAL # OF Xs

Dorsal Nerve Cord Paired Appendages Paired Legs Amnion Mammary Glands Placenta Canine Teeth Short LAMPREY HUMANBULLFROGKANGAROO GOLD FISH IGU ANA RAT 1. Cladograms show relationships, common ancestors/origins, homologous structures 2. Human & Monkey 3. Human & Lamprey 4. Tuna Fish

Lesson 20 survival of the fittest Darwin’s Theory of survival of the fittest! How Evolution Occurs 1)Mutations 2)Gene flow (bringing new traits into gene pool; animals are more mobile than plants) 3)Genetic drift (differences in reproduction) 4)Bottleneck effect (natural disaster, etc decreases population sizes. 5)Nonrandom mating (courtship rituals, breeding territorities, etc.) Results of Evolution – extinction, gradualism, punctuated equilibrium

Lesson 21 Speciation Speciation = formation of new species through evolution – occurs because of Geographic, Parapatric and Behavioral (Reproductive) isolations. – Know the difference!

1.D, a long, cumulative process of adaptive mutations 2.B, organisms best suited to their environment will survive & reproduce 3.B, all mutations occur randomly 4.A, gene pool 1.A, oxygen 2.D, Organic compounds could form from simpler compounds 3.B, they photosynthesized 4.C, can breed to produce viable offspring

How How evolution occurs Charles Darwin traveled to Galapagos Island and noted… Finches on different islands differed (beaks) LARGE fossils of many small animals today Isolated species became different Why does it occur? 1) More offspring reproduce than can survive

2) There is competition for resources present 3) Organisms show variation in DNA 4) Certain variations (traits) are more favorable and more often inherited and passed on to the next generation = SURVIVAL OF THE FITTEST!! Types of Natural Selection: – Stabilizing – Stabilizing: allows for the average individuals to flourish in an environment – Directional tall – Directional: allows one EXTREME to flourish over the others in an environment (short, medium, tall) – Disruptive – Disruptive: occurs when two or more conditions are favored in an environment (usually opposite extremes)

Pesticide Resistance: – Some insects have slight mutations that make them immune to pesticides – Others die from pesticides, while the immune ones survive, flourish and reproduce. – Creates a major pesticide problem Antibiotic Resistance: – Antibiotics are used to treat bacterial infections – Some bacteria are resistant to them and produce others that are also immune. – Antibiotics can become ineffective – Do not overuse or misuse antibiotics.