China= only continuing civilization from ancient world. China= only continuing civilization from ancient world. Cut off by mountains, deserts and oceans from other centers of human evolution, China developed its own self-contained but highly advanced civilization, which featured an astonishing combination of progressive technology, ancient art, and cultural awareness. Cut off by mountains, deserts and oceans from other centers of human evolution, China developed its own self-contained but highly advanced civilization, which featured an astonishing combination of progressive technology, ancient art, and cultural awareness. The original center of Chinese culture was along the great Yellow River which crosses the North China Plain, where stable settlements have dated back to at least 4000 BCE. The original center of Chinese culture was along the great Yellow River which crosses the North China Plain, where stable settlements have dated back to at least 4000 BCE.

C hina China= only continuing civilization from ancient world. China= only continuing civilization from ancient world. Settled village life, c. 6,000 BCE Settled village life, c. 6,000 BCE Ceramics, bronze casting, jade, silk scrolls Ceramics, bronze casting, jade, silk scrolls Daoism and Confucianism Daoism and Confucianism Buddhism Buddhism Early Shang Dyn bronzes Early Shang Dyn bronzes Pagodas, Forbidden City Pagodas, Forbidden City Painting, silk, paper scrolls Painting, silk, paper scrolls Literati class Literati class Role of calligraphy Role of calligraphy Porcelain Porcelain Qin dyn Terracotta army Qin dyn Terracotta army

Guang vessel Guang vessel Bronze, c.1100 BCE Bronze, c.1100 BCE Shang Dynasty, 6.5” Shang Dynasty, 6.5” Ancestors, funerary Ancestors, funerary Libations, blessings Libations, blessings Neolithic

Fang ding, c.1500 BCE used for storing food and wine for social and religious used for storing food and wine for social and religious ceremonial functions. The emphasis on animal motifs, The emphasis on animal motifs, which is typical of the intricate ornamental design found in Shang bronze artifacts, suggests the importance of hunting Shang culture. of hunting Shang culture. In addition to being buried in graves, In addition to being buried in graves, bronzes were now also used to honor the living, as inscriptions carved in their bases

Fang Ding Ceremonial Vessel Zhou Dynasty c. 900 BCE Bronze casting

Storage Jar c.2500 BCE Neolithic Yangshao culture 14” h.

JADE Jade Extremely hard, difficult Metaphor strength Art and ritual Magical qualities Shaped with abrasion

Bi Disk with Dragons Bi Disk with Dragons c. 300 BCE c. 300 BCE Jade had special properties Jade had special properties Dragons= good luck Dragons= good luck Might be related to weather Might be related to weather Delicate, fine craftsmanship Delicate, fine craftsmanship Shaped with abrasion Shaped with abrasion JADE= magical powers JADE= magical powers Protected the dead Protected the dead JADE Bi disk with Dragons

Chinese Sculpture  Access to India, Middle East through the Silk Road results in Buddhist influence  Sculpture reaches zenith; time of prosperity and technological sophistication  Glazed earthenware  Horses= power of emperor  TRI-COLORED POTTERY THE TANG DYNASTY ( CE) 7-17

Taoism Tao = “path” or “way” Tao = “path” or “way” Taoism emphasizes the Three Jewels of the Tao: compassion, moderation, and humility. Taoism emphasizes the Three Jewels of the Tao: compassion, moderation, and humility. Taoist thought generally focuses on nature, the relationship between humanity and the cosmos. Taoist thought generally focuses on nature, the relationship between humanity and the cosmos. Harmony with the Universe Harmony with the Universe Balance between opposing forces (yin-yang) Balance between opposing forces (yin-yang) Dao, like water, least resistance, Dao, like water, least resistance, yielding but keeping strong yielding but keeping strong

Developed from the teachings of the philosopher Confucius The cultivation of virtue and the development of moral perfection Golden Rule: "do not do unto others what you would not have them do unto you." Confucianism

Confucianism (Cont.) Social harmony Social harmony "Filial piety“ is among one of the greatest virtues. “Filial” characterizes the respect that a child should show to his/her parents. "Filial piety“ is among one of the greatest virtues. “Filial” characterizes the respect that a child should show to his/her parents. Loyalty was considered one of the greater human virtues. Loyalty to one's family came first, then to one's spouse, then to one's ruler, and lastly to one's friends. Loyalty was considered one of the greater human virtues. Loyalty to one's family came first, then to one's spouse, then to one's ruler, and lastly to one's friends.

Calligraphy In ancient China just like painting, Calligraphy was one of the most appreciated works of art. In ancient China just like painting, Calligraphy was one of the most appreciated works of art. Amateurs, school officials, and aristocrats had the leisure to perfect the technique and sensibility necessary for great brushwork. Amateurs, school officials, and aristocrats had the leisure to perfect the technique and sensibility necessary for great brushwork. The equipment for painting Calligraphy are a brush pen, made of animal hair, and black inks, made from pine soot and animal glue. The equipment for painting Calligraphy are a brush pen, made of animal hair, and black inks, made from pine soot and animal glue. Writing and painting was originally done on silk, but with the invention of paper in the 1 st century, silk was quickly replaced. Writing and painting was originally done on silk, but with the invention of paper in the 1 st century, silk was quickly replaced. Wang Xizhi was a renowned Chinese Calligrapher in the 4 th century AD. His most famous work of art is the Lanting Xu, which is the preface for a collection of poems written by numerous poets. Wang Xizhi was a renowned Chinese Calligrapher in the 4 th century AD. His most famous work of art is the Lanting Xu, which is the preface for a collection of poems written by numerous poets.

Handscroll Long, narrow scroll to be read horizontally. Can be read on table for a long narrative. Long, narrow scroll to be read horizontally. Can be read on table for a long narrative. Also used in Japan and Korea. Made of silk. Also used in Japan and Korea. Made of silk.

Hanging scrolls Displays Chinese painting and calligraphy for public appreciation and appraisal of the aesthetics of the scrolls in its entirety by the audience. Made of silk. Displays Chinese painting and calligraphy for public appreciation and appraisal of the aesthetics of the scrolls in its entirety by the audience. Made of silk.

Gu Kaizhi, Lady Feng, Handscroll, ink on silk, c Gu Kaizhi, Lady Feng, Handscroll, ink on silk, c.400 Act of heroism save emperor-Noble, Confucian behavior Act of heroism save emperor-Noble, Confucian behavior Animated, plain background Animated, plain background Individualized expressions, Role of calligraphy, right to left Individualized expressions, Role of calligraphy, right to left Xie He’s 6 Canons Xie He’s 6 Canons

Daoism Dao, Laozi, c. 600 BCE Dao, Laozi, c. 600 BCE Daodejing= Daodejing= The Way and Its Power The Way and Its Power Dao, like water, least resistance, Dao, like water, least resistance, yielding but keeping strong yielding but keeping strong Yin- Yang Yin- Yang Fundamental natural of the universe Fundamental natural of the universe

Fan K'uan (c.1000) Travelers Amid Streams and Mountains Hanging scroll Ink and color on silk 81 1/4 x 40 3/4 in Sung Dynasty

Emperor Huizong, Ladies Preparing Newly Woven Silk Northern Song, c.1100, 15x58” Scroll depicts three groups of ladies working on newly woven silk, sewing and ironing silk. Two young maids assist ladies by keeping charcoal hot and silk stretched; a little girl amuses herself by horsing around. Gongcan (palace sericulture) was a symbolic imperial duty performed every spring by the empress. In this ritual, she would lead palace ladies in all stages of silk production, from raising the silkworms to making dresses from the newly woven material.

7-23 Ma Yuan, Mountain Stroll in Spring, Southern Song Brushed by his sleeves, wild flowers dance in the wind, Brushed by his sleeves, wild flowers dance in the wind, Fleeing from him, hidden birds cut short their songs... Fleeing from him, hidden birds cut short their songs...

Literati painting Educated class Educated class Independent Independent Individualized Individualized “Southern School” “Southern School” Not as formal as Northern Not as formal as Northern A little “looser” style A little “looser” style Shen Zhou, Lofty Mount Lu Shen Zhou, Lofty Mount Lu 1467, hanging scroll 1467, hanging scroll

Chinese Architecture The architecture was built according to severe rules of design which made Chinese buildings follow the way of Taoism as well as other Chinese philosophies The architecture was built according to severe rules of design which made Chinese buildings follow the way of Taoism as well as other Chinese philosophies Earlier than the Shang Dynasty, around the time of 1500 BC, Chinese buildings looked very similar to Hall of Supreme Harmony, Forbidden City (Beijing, 1450 AD). Long pillars and curved roofs were distinguishable. Palaces of Qin Dynasty and Chou Dynasty, continued in this style Earlier than the Shang Dynasty, around the time of 1500 BC, Chinese buildings looked very similar to Hall of Supreme Harmony, Forbidden City (Beijing, 1450 AD). Long pillars and curved roofs were distinguishable. Palaces of Qin Dynasty and Chou Dynasty, continued in this style 26-5 Hall of Supreme Harmony, Forbidden City (Beijing, 1450 AD)

Raised beam construction Raised beam construction

Chinese Architecture The architecture was built according to severe rules of design which made Chinese buildings follow the way of Taoism as well as other Chinese philosophies The architecture was built according to severe rules of design which made Chinese buildings follow the way of Taoism as well as other Chinese philosophies Around 1500 BCE, Chinese buildings looked very similar to Hall of Supreme Harmony, Forbidden City (Beijing, 1450 AD). Long pillars and curved roofs were distinguishable. Around 1500 BCE, Chinese buildings looked very similar to Hall of Supreme Harmony, Forbidden City (Beijing, 1450 AD). Long pillars and curved roofs were distinguishable Hall of Supreme Harmony, Forbidden City (Beijing, 1450 AD)

26-5 Aerial view of the Forbidden City, Beijing, China, Ming dynasty, 15th century and later.

A. Meridian Gate B. Gate of Divine Might C. West Glorious Gate D. East Glorious Gate E. Corner towers F. Gate of Supreme Harmony G. Hall of Supreme Harmony H. Hall of Military Eminence J. Hall of Literary Glory K. Southern Three Places L. Palace of Heavenly Purity M. Imperial garden N. Hall of Mental Cultivation O. Palace of Tranquil Longevity A. Meridian Gate B. Gate of Divine Might C. West Glorious Gate D. East Glorious Gate E. Corner towers F. Gate of Supreme Harmony G. Hall of Supreme Harmony H. Hall of Military Eminence J. Hall of Literary Glory K. Southern Three Places L. Palace of Heavenly Purity M. Imperial garden N. Hall of Mental Cultivation O. Palace of Tranquil LongevityMeridian Gate of Divine MightGate of Supreme HarmonyHall of Supreme HarmonyPalace of Heavenly PurityHall of Mental CultivationMeridian Gate of Divine MightGate of Supreme HarmonyHall of Supreme HarmonyPalace of Heavenly PurityHall of Mental Cultivation

Great Wall Especially famous is the wall built between 220–206 BC by the first Emperor of China, Qin Shi Huang. Especially famous is the wall built between 220–206 BC by the first Emperor of China, Qin Shi Huang.Emperor of ChinaQin Shi HuangEmperor of ChinaQin Shi Huang This is made up of 6,259 km (3,889 mi) sections of actual wall, This is made up of 6,259 km (3,889 mi) sections of actual wall, 359 km (223 mi) of trenches and 2,232 km (1,387 mi) of natural defensive barriers such as hills and rivers.[5] 359 km (223 mi) of trenches and 2,232 km (1,387 mi) of natural defensive barriers such as hills and rivers.[5] This is made up of 6,259 km (3,889 mi) sections of actual wall, This is made up of 6,259 km (3,889 mi) sections of actual wall, 359 km (223 mi) of trenches and 2,232 km (1,387 mi) of natural defensive barriers such as hills and rivers.[5] 359 km (223 mi) of trenches and 2,232 km (1,387 mi) of natural defensive barriers such as hills and rivers.[5][5]

Great Wall, c.200 BCEQin Dynasty

7-21 Foguang Si Pagoda, Yingxian, China, Liao Dynasty, Buddhist tower housed relics, like stupa sacred images, texts Also common in Japan

Han House Model c.220

Chinese Sculpture Terracotta Army Carved during the short-lived Qin Dynasty in Mausoleum of First Qin Emperor Qin Shi Huang buried in BC 7,000 terracotta figures of horses and warriors had paint when unearthed in 1974; pigment has since faded; each head is unique.

Figure 7-5 Army of the First Emperor of Qin in pits next to his burial mound, Lintong, China, Qin dynasty, ca. 210 BCE. Painted terracotta, average figure 5’ 10 7/8” high.

7-9 Shakyamuni Buddha, Zhao Dynasty, Period of Disunity, 338. Gilded bronze, 1’ 4” h. Earliest Chinese Buddha resembles Gandhara style notice hand position 

Guan-Yin c.12 century Bodhisattva Mercy Compassion Love

7-12 Vairocana Buddha, Longmen Caves, Luoyang, China ca C.E. 50 feet high Buddha= 44’ carved mt COSMIC BUDDHA Supreme majesty, serenity Perfect symmetry, smooth Colossal Flanked by monks, bodhisattvas