 Changed the nature and impact of European overseas expansion ◦ No More:  Spices and Manufactured goods ◦ 2 Things Europe now wanted: 1.Raw materials ( metals, oils, dyes, textiles) 2.People to buy the goods  This was how to justify colonization  Religion ◦ The state was no longer pushing for conversion

 Tropical dependencies: ◦ Africa, Asia, and South Pacific ◦ Small number of Europeans to control a large number of natives ◦ Often comes about slowly  Settlement Colonies ◦ Canada & Australia  Decedents of European settlers made up most of the population ◦ South Africa, Algeria, Kenya, Southern Rhodesia, New Zealand and Hawaii  Combo  Many thousands of Europeans settle there

 Slowly  Manipulating the local tribes and groups to fight with each  Manipulate the situation so that you back the winning side and you get rewarded with land

 Access to vast amounts of natural resources throughout the world  Advances in chemistry: explosives  Mobile artillery  Breech loading rifles  Railroads  Steam ships, iron hulls and cannons  Resistance is futile

 Most populated island in Indonesia  Dutch slowly took control of the smaller Islands ◦ Spices  Gradually the Dutch took the land by taking advantage of tribal rivalries ◦ Starts in 1600s and have control by 1830 ◦ Very different

“The Crown Jewel of the British Colonies?

 British East India Company ◦ Very corrupt over time  The British “Raj” ◦ British political establishment in India  The British were able to consolidate power slowly due to the infighting of the Indian Princes ◦ No feeling of India nationalism ◦ It was hard to appeal to the defense of the homeland

 They were fighting on a global scale at this time  British won all but the Americas ◦ (the French helped the US) ◦ Wins the rest of India  The Sepoys were doing the fighting for this as well ◦ The India people fought the battle for the European  Sounds like a good deal

 Boers: Dutch people ◦ Moved in 1600s ◦ Created two states in the northern part of South Africa  The Dutch had been there for awhile and were not up on all the new things that have developed in Europe  British tried to colonize in 1800s

1 st Boer War ( ) ◦ “Great Trek” the Dutch move to escape British rule  Orange Free State  Transvaal  British and Boers war with each other and the Bantu people aka Zulus  Boers dominate the British military: Guerilla Tactics  British give up and sign a peace treaty 2 nd Boer War ( )  Gold discovered in Transvaal ◦ The British want it  Boers dominate at the beginning ◦ Trench war, total war  Boers eventually lose because they are outnumbered  American soldiers volunteer for action in South Africa to fight with the Boers

 The Europeans put themselves at the top of the social hierarchy no matter where they are  Realized they couldn’t live like they did in Europe ◦ Housing ◦ Dress ◦ Food ◦ Entertainment ◦ relationships

 Started to see the culture of the colonized areas as inferior ◦ Open disdain ◦ White racial supremacy (laws) ◦ Mental and moral superiority  If the natives inferior education and moral intellect were permanent than there is no reason to socialize with them ◦ Reason for colonization