Step Up To: Psychology by John J. Schulte, Psy.D. From Myers, Psychology 8e Worth Publishers

Chapter 15: Personality Analyze This! I Think I Can What’s your sign? Culture Shapes So, who are you?

Analyze This!

I think I can.

What’s your sign?

Culture Shapes

So, who are you?

1. A psychotherapist instructs David to relax, close his eyes, and state aloud whatever thoughts come to mind no matter how trivial or absurd. The therapist is using a technique known as: A) fixation. B) free association. C) reaction formation. D) projection.

2. According to psychoanalytic theory, the part of the personality that strives for immediate gratification of basic drives is the: A) id. B) ego. C) superego. D) collective unconscious.

3. Mrs. Hall was asked by her psychotherapist to look at some ambiguous pictures and make up a story about each. She was likely taking the: A) TAT. B) Myers-Briggs Type Indicator. C) MMPI-2. D) Rorschach test.

4. Which neo-Freudian theorist emphasized the influence of the collective unconscious in personality development? A) Adler B) Horney C) Jung D) Maslow

5. Parents who disguise hostility toward their children by becoming overly protective of them are very likely using the defense mechanism of: A) projection. B) regression. C) rationalization. D) reaction formation.

6. Carl Rogers suggested that the ____ is a central feature of personality. A) collective unconscious. B) self-concept. C) inferiority complex. D) Oedipus complex.

7. The humanistic perspective emphasized the importance of: A) free association. B) self-determination. C) personality inventories. D) projective tests.

8. Humanistic theorists have been criticized for: A) overestimating the impact of childhood experiences on adult personality. B) underestimating the inconsistency of behavior from one situation to another. C) overestimating the degree of similarity among people. D) underestimating the inherent human capacity for destructive and evil behaviors.

9. Self-actualized people, as described by Maslow, are least likely to be highly: A) compassionate. B) religious. C) conforming. D) self-accepting.

10. In order to assess a client’s personal growth, Carl Rogers measured the correspondence between _____ and _____. A) locus of control; self-actualization B) ideal self; actual self C) the client’s values; the therapist’s values D) self-esteem; locus of control

11. Characteristic patterns of behavior and motivation are called: A) aptitudes. B) fixations. C) projections. D) traits.

12. Trait theorists are more concerned with ____ personality and ____ it. A) predicting; assessing B) describing; explaining C) changing; analyzing D) interpreting; observing

13. Personality inventories typically gather information by means of: A) projection. B) factor analysis. C) free association. D) self-reports.

14. Sasha believes that the questions on college tests are so unrelated to course work that studying is useless. Sasha’s belief most clearly illustrates: A) reciprocal determinism. B) reaction formation. C) an external locus of control. D) displacement.

15. Which of the following Big Five trait dimensions is most closely related to one’s level of creativity? A) extraversion B) emotional stability C) openness D) agreeableness

16. Which perspective on human personality emphasizes reciprocal determinism? A) social-cognitive B) psychoanalytic C) trait D) humanistic

17. The perception that one can strongly influence the outcome and destiny of one’s own life exemplifies: A) the reality principle. B) the spotlight effect. C) the pleasure principle. D) an internal locus of control.

18. Martin Seligman advocates a positive psychology, which focuses on topics such as: A) projection. B) the Barnum effect. C) external locus of control. D) optimism.

19. A 19. According to Jennifer Crocker and Brenda Major (1989), members of stigmatized groups maintain their self- esteem by: A) valuing the things at which they excel. B) attributing problems to prejudice. C) comparing themselves to those in their own group. D) all of the above.

20. Jody failed her last history midterm. Which of the following conclusions would be most representative of a self- serving bias on Jody’s part? A) “ I really didn’t prepare well enough for that test.” B) “I think the test questions were ambiguous and confusing.” C) “I lack ability in history.” D) “I wasn’t concentrating very hard during the test.”

21. Dogs strapped into a harness and given repeated and unavoidable shocks develop: A) a fixation. B) a reaction formation. C) learned helplessness. D) unrealistic optimism.

22. Linda was impressed by the palm reader’s “insight” into her personality. This illustrates: A) unconditional positive regard. B) reciprocal determinism. C) attributional style. D) the Barnum effect.

23. Randy’s substandard academic performance is both a result and a cause of his feelings of academic inferiority. This best illustrates the importance of: A) reciprocal determinism. B) the Barnum effect. C) reaction formation. D) self-serving bias.

24. The factor of the “Big Five” that measures emotional stability vs. instability is: A) Agreeableness. B) Neuroticism. C) Openness. D) Extraversion.

25. Trait theorists have been criticized for: A) underestimating the potential influence of biological factors. B) underestimating the extent to which people differ from one another. C) overestimating the consistency of behavior from one situation to another. D) overestimating the importance of childhood experiences on adult personality traits.

Stop here, or continue as a review

1. A psychotherapist instructs David to relax, close his eyes, and state aloud whatever thoughts come to mind no matter how trivial or absurd. The therapist is using a technique known as: A) fixation. B) free association. C) reaction formation. D) projection. 597

2. According to psychoanalytic theory, the part of the personality that strives for immediate gratification of basic drives is the: A) id. B) ego. C) superego. D) collective unconscious. 598

3. Mrs. Hall was asked by her psychotherapist to look at some ambiguous pictures and make up a story about each. She was likely taking the: A) TAT. B) Myers-Briggs Type Indicator. C) MMPI-2. D) Rorschach test. 602

4. Which neo-Freudian theorist emphasized the influence of the collective unconscious in personality development? A) Adler B) Horney C) Jung D) Maslow 601

5. Parents who disguise hostility toward their children by becoming overly protective of them are very likely using the defense mechanism of: A) projection. B) regression. C) rationalization. D) reaction formation. 600

6. Carl Rogers suggested that the ____ is a central feature of personality. A) collective unconscious. B) self-concept. C) inferiority complex. D) Oedipus complex. 610

7. The humanistic perspective emphasized the importance of: A) free association. B) self-determination. C) personality inventories. D) projective tests. 609

8. Humanistic theorists have been criticized for: A) overestimating the impact of childhood experiences on adult personality. B) underestimating the inconsistency of behavior from one situation to another. C) overestimating the degree of similarity among people. D) underestimating the inherent human capacity for destructive and evil behaviors. 612

9. Self-actualized people, as described by Maslow, are least likely to be highly: A) compassionate. B) religious. C) conforming. D) self-accepting. 610

10. In order to assess a client’s personal growth, Carl Rogers measured the correspondence between _____ and _____. A) locus of control; self-actualization B) ideal self; actual self C) the client’s values; the therapist’s values D) self-esteem; locus of control 610

11. Characteristic patterns of behavior and motivation are called: A) aptitudes. B) fixations. C) projections. D) traits. 613

12. Trait theorists are more concerned with ____ personality and ____ it. A) predicting; assessing B) describing; explaining C) changing; analyzing D) interpreting; observing 613

13. Personality inventories typically gather information by means of: A) projection. B) factor analysis. C) free association. D) self-reports. 615

14. Sasha believes that the questions on college tests are so unrelated to course work that studying is useless. Sasha’s belief most clearly illustrates: A) reciprocal determinism. B) reaction formation. C) an external locus of control. D) displacement. 625

15. Which of the following Big Five trait dimensions is most closely related to one’s level of creativity? A) extraversion B) emotional stability C) openness D) agreeableness 618

16. Which perspective on human personality emphasizes reciprocal determinism? A) social-cognitive B) psychoanalytic C) trait D) humanistic 623

17. The perception that one can strongly influence the outcome and destiny of one’s own life exemplifies: A) the reality principle. B) the spotlight effect. C) the pleasure principle. D) an internal locus of control. 625

18. Martin Seligman advocates a positive psychology, which focuses on topics such as: A) projection. B) the Barnum effect. C) external locus of control. D) optimism. 627

19. A 19. According to Jennifer Crocker and Brenda Major (1989), members of stigmatized groups maintain their self- esteem by: A) valuing the things at which they excel. B) attributing problems to prejudice. C) comparing themselves to those in their own group. D) all of the above. 633

20. Jody failed her last history midterm. Which of the following conclusions would be most representative of a self- serving bias on Jody’s part? A) “ I really didn’t prepare well enough for that test.” B) “I think the test questions were ambiguous and confusing.” C) “I lack ability in history.” D) “I wasn’t concentrating very hard during the test.” 634

21. Dogs strapped into a harness and given repeated and unavoidable shocks develop: A) a fixation. B) a reaction formation. C) learned helplessness. D) unrealistic optimism. 625

22. Linda was impressed by the palm reader’s “insight” into her personality. This illustrates: A) unconditional positive regard. B) reciprocal determinism. C) attributional style. D) the Barnum effect. 616

23. Randy’s substandard academic performance is both a result and a cause of his feelings of academic inferiority. This best illustrates the importance of: A) reciprocal determinism. B) the Barnum effect. C) reaction formation. D) self-serving bias. 623

24. The factor of the “Big Five” that measures emotional stability vs. instability is: A) Agreeableness. B) Neuroticism. C) Openness. D) Extraversion. 618

25. Trait theorists have been criticized for: A) underestimating the potential influence of biological factors. B) underestimating the extent to which people differ from one another. C) overestimating the consistency of behavior from one situation to another. D) overestimating the importance of childhood experiences on adult personality traits. 620

Acknowledgements Step Up Created by: –John J. Schulte, Psy.D. Based on Psychology, Eighth Edition by David Myers Published by Worth Publishers, 2006

Answers 1.B 2.A 3.A 4.C 5.D 6.B 7.B 8.D 9.C 10.B 11.D 12.B 13.D 14.C 15.C 16.A 17.D 18.D 19.D 20.B 21.C 22.D 23.A 24.B 25.C