Intro to OOP with Java, C. Thomas Wu INHERITANCE ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Defining Classes with Inheritance Intro to OOP with Java, C. Thomas Wu Defining Classes with Inheritance Case Study: Suppose we want implement a class roster that contains both undergraduate and graduate students. Each student’s record will contain his or her name, three test scores, and the final course grade. The formula for determining the course grade is different for graduate students than for undergraduate students. Undergrads: pass if avg test score >= 70 Grads: pass if avg test score >= 80 ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Modeling Two Types of Students Intro to OOP with Java, C. Thomas Wu Modeling Two Types of Students There are two ways to design the classes to model undergraduate and graduate students. We can define two unrelated classes, one for undergraduates and one for graduates. We can model the two kinds of students by using classes that are related in an inheritance hierarchy. Two classes are unrelated if they are not connected in an inheritance relationship. ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Classes for the Class Roster Intro to OOP with Java, C. Thomas Wu Classes for the Class Roster For the Class Roster sample, we design three classes: Student UndergraduateStudent GraduateStudent The Student class will incorporate behavior and data common to both UndergraduateStudent and GraduateStudent objects. The UndergraduateStudent class and the GraduateStudent class will each contain behaviors and data specific to their respective objects. ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Inheritance Hierarchy Intro to OOP with Java, C. Thomas Wu Inheritance Hierarchy + computeCourseGrade() : int + UndergraduateStudent() : void + GraduateStudent() : void + computeCourseGrade() : int + computeCourseGrade() : int ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Definition of GraduateStudent & UndergraduateStudent classes Intro to OOP with Java, C. Thomas Wu Definition of GraduateStudent & UndergraduateStudent classes class GraduateStudent extends Student { //constructor not shown public void computeCourseGrade() { int total = 0; total = test1 + test2 + test3; if (total / 3 >= 80) { courseGrade = "Pass"; } else { courseGrade = "No Pass"; } } } class UndergraduateStudent extends Student { //Constructor not shown public void computeCourseGrade() { int total = 0; total = test1 + test2 + test3; if (total / 3 >= 70) { courseGrade = "Pass"; } else { courseGrade = "No Pass"; } } } ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Intro to OOP with Java, C. Thomas Wu Declaring a Subclass A subclass inherits data and methods from the superclass. In the subclass, you can also: Add new data Add new methods Override the methods of the superclass Modify existing behaviour of parent ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Intro to OOP with Java, C. Thomas Wu Inheritance Rules The private members of the superclass are private to the superclass The subclass can access the members of the superclass according to the accessibility rules The subclass can include additional data and/or method members ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Inheritance Rules (continued) Intro to OOP with Java, C. Thomas Wu Inheritance Rules (continued) 4. The subclass can override, that is, redefine the methods of the superclass The overriding method in subclass must have similar Name Parameter list Return type 5. All members of the superclass are also members of the subclass Similarly, the methods of the superclass (unless overridden) are also the methods of the subclass Remember Rule 1 & 2 when accessing a member of the superclass in the subclass ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Intro to OOP with Java, C. Thomas Wu Inheritance Rules (continued) 6. (Using the Keyword super) The keyword super refers to the direct superclass of a subclass . This keyword can be used in two ways: To call a superclass constructor super(); //must be the first statement in subclass’s constructor To call a superclass method super.methodname(); this is only used if the subclass overrides the superclass method ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

(Accessibility Modifier) Intro to OOP with Java, C. Thomas Wu INHERITANCE (Accessibility Modifier) Sometimes , it is called visibility modifier Not all properties can be accessed by sub class. Super class can control a data accessing from subclass by giving the type of accessing to the members and methods. A class can declare the data members or method as a public, private or protected. If it is not declared, the data or method will be set to default type. ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Intro to OOP with Java, C. Thomas Wu INHERITANCE Data Accessibility Super class int a public int b protected int c private int d Package A Package B Sub class B public int b protected int c Sub class A int a public int b protected int c ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Intro to OOP with Java, C. Thomas Wu Refer to the previous slide Super class has 2 subclasses : Subclass A and Subclass B. Subclass A is defined in same package with superclass, subclass B is defined outside the package. There are 4 accessibility data types: public, protected, private and default. Subclass A can access all properties of superclass except private. But, subclass B can only access the properties outside the package which are public and protected. ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Intro to OOP with Java, C. Thomas Wu class ClassX { private int m; public String toString() return new String("(" + m + ")"); } public class ClassY extends ClassX private int n; return new String("(" + m + " , " + n + ")"); class TestAccesibility public static void main(String [] args) ClassX x = new ClassX; ClassY y = new ClassY; System.out.println("x = " + x); System.out.println("y = " + y); What’s wrong with the code? How to fix it? ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Inheritance and Constructors Intro to OOP with Java, C. Thomas Wu Inheritance and Constructors Unlike members of a superclass, constructors of a superclass are not inherited by its subclasses. You must define a constructor for a class or use the default constructor added by the compiler. The statement super(); calls the superclass’s constructor. super(); must be the first statement in the subclass contructor. ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Intro to OOP with Java, C. Thomas Wu A call to the constructor of the superclass must be in the first statement in the child constructor. public Box(double l, double w, double h) { super(l,w); height = h; } ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Intro to OOP with Java, C. Thomas Wu Rectangle myRectangle = new Rectangle(5, 3); Box myBox = new Box(6, 5, 4); ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Superclass’s Constructor Is Always Invoked Intro to OOP with Java, C. Thomas Wu Superclass’s Constructor Is Always Invoked A subclass constructor may invoke its superclass’s constructor. If none is invoked explicitly, the compiler puts super() as the first statement in the constructor. For example, the constructor of class A: ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Example on the Impact of a Superclass without no-arg Constructor Intro to OOP with Java, C. Thomas Wu Example on the Impact of a Superclass without no-arg Constructor Find out the error in the program: class Fruit { public Fruit(String name) { System.out.println("Fruit constructor is invoked"); } public class Apple extends Fruit { public Apple(String name) { System.out.println(“Apple constructor is invoked");   ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.