3.000 years ago years ago Few knowings about the languages spoken Celts  Celtic languages were spoken al over Europe.  There were many tribes and one of them may have been given a name such as “pritaini” from the names Britain and British may derive.  Celtic languages survive to the present Wales, Scotland and Ireland, but they are not consider English.  The celts and its languages were displaced further west. History of English

476 Romans (Roman Empire rules much of Europe) collapse (the Roman troops were withdrawn from Britain around 410)  Latin was spoken in parts of Britain and Europe.  Latin influenced Celtic and Germanic language. Eg: From Latin Wall, wine, kitchen, street into Germanic (from germanic into English)  The settlements and roads of the Romans were remained important even after they left the island (410)  The Latin continued trough medieval and renaissance times in the Catholic Church and intellectual development such as Humanism and the Renaissance. Latin

449 (The Germanic tribes arrived to the British Isles) Germanics English starts  There was an early contact between Europe and Britain, because:  During the Roman ocupation, speakers of Germanic dialects served in the Roman army.  Many trade contact.  Slavery in Europe (means of contact between Celtic, Germanic and Roman culture).  From the Angles (one of the Germanic tribes which occupied the British Isles) derives the word “English.  what started as a Germanic dialect spoken in small parts of England is now a language spoken in many parts of the world (as a 1 st or 2 nd)

 Germanic language + words of other languges = English Half of the vocabulary comes from french and Latin (they give formality to the language)  From the most frecuent English words: Old english32% french45% Latin17% Other Germanic4% Other2%  The English is a partial result of the borrowings and it is the collection of words that were selected to appear in a dictionary.  Most of the speakers of English are said to have a vocabulary of to words.  The Oxford English dictionary (OED) is the best resource on the English language and its history.  If we know all the words, we still would not know the English language. We also need Grammar, phonetics and phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics and pragmatics.

Modern English compared to earlier and other languages a)Nu scylun hergan hefaenricaes uard (Old English/OE) b) now should praise-INF heaven-kingdom-GEN guardian (first sentence of the Caedmon’s Hymn, from a manuscript dated 737) c)Now we should praise the guardian of the heavenly kingdom. (Modern English) Differences in sound, words and sentences.  There is not leter v in heafen (heaven).  The u in uard (guard) is pronounced differently like w.  It is not completely clear how the sc and g are pronounce in OE, sk and g or sh  and y.

 Sounds.  Modern English has 13 or 14 different vowels and all contain different vowel sounds.  English has 25 consonants.  Thus, each language has a unique system and many languages and many varieties of English do not have som sounds.  English syllable structure is complex (consonants cluster), so in other languages the cluster is broken up.Eg:  Spanish speakers adapt an initial sk- sound, as in school, to eskool.  Words and sentences.  Lack of grammatical words: of, the and we.  The OE sentence (a) contains 5 words, whereas the Modern English 1 has twice as many.  He additional words in Modern English fulfill gramatical function performed by endings such as –es in OE.

 One of the major functions of language is to indicate who does what to whom and where, when, how and why that occurs. endings on the verbs and nouns word order and grammatical words  The languages differ in how they mark these funtions through  Modern English is more like Chinese.  Old English is more like Navajo (number of endings). But the difference is that in OE the endings are on the nouns and in Navajo the endings are on the verbs. The endings in OE express what word order and preposition do in Modern English  The major change that occurred between Old an Modern English is the change from synthetic to analytic.

Varieties.  Sociolinguistics is the branch of linguistics which is interested in varieties within a single language. Of region, social class, register or level of formality.  Throughout the history of English, stndar varieties were established in a somewhat arbitrary fashion.

External and internal changes. External changes are releated to: - language contact (between speakers of differnet languages) - inovations by speakers. -issues of political or social identity. External changes are unpredictible. Internal changes are when,for instance, spekers stop using endings or inflections and start to rely on word such as of, for, the and have. Internal changes also occurs when the category of a word is reanalyzed when prepositions dtart being used to introduce sentences. However, there are factors that inhibit internal change, prescriptive rules (include don´t split infinitives and don´t end end sentences with a preposition) (Politically, geographically and socially changes) (Linguistically motivated changes)

 English: -the languge of a group of Germanic tribes after --they arrived in britain. -Gammar and words a speaker knows for construct sentences.  Modern English is different to OE and other languages. English has lost endings and acquired grammatical words.  The changes are divided into categories: 1) Internal (linguistic reasons. Eg a apple an apple) 2) External (social, economic, geographical, political and historical reasons. Eg: migrations annd trade contact) Conclusion