Texas's Place on Earth Chapter 2

Chapter 2 1 OBJECTIVES Locate specific places of importance on a map of Texas. Interpret information from a map. Infer information from a map. Compare and contrast general-purpose and special-purpose maps. Categorize maps as being either general-purpose or special-purpose.

Who needs directions? In order to find people, places, and things we need directions. Most of us give directions using relative locations. To get Dobie from San Antonio, get on I35 north, turn right at the HEB on 3009, pass the Walgreens, CVS, turn left at the Shell Gas Station at Borgfeld Road, continue 1.7 miles, and the school will be on your left.

To get more EXACT directions, we use latitude and longitude To get more EXACT directions, we use latitude and longitude. This is using absolute locations to give directions. Latitude – locations north or south of the equator Longitude – locations east or west of the equator

To give directions to this island, you would use the absolute location To give directions to this island, you would use the absolute location. You would have to use degrees of latitude and longitude.

What do lines of latitude and longitude look like? Longitude lines What do lines of latitude and longitude look like? parallels Latitude lines meridians

The Earth’s Hemispheres The earth is divided into two equal parts (spheres) called hemispheres. Latitude is shown by parallels, which are also called lines of latitude. Latitude is the location north or south of the equator. Longitude is indicated by meridians, or lines of longitude. Longitude is the location east or west of the prime meridian.

The equator is an imaginary line at 0° latitude The equator is an imaginary line at 0° latitude. It divides the earth into two halves: Northern Hemisphere and Southern Hemisphere. (We use the letters N and S to show locations north and south of the equator.) The prime meridian is at 0° longitude. It is also an imaginary line. It divides the earth into two halves: Western Hemisphere and Eastern Hemisphere. (We use the letters W and E to show locations west and east of the prime meridian.)

NORTHERN HEMISPHERE SOUTHERN HEMISPHERE EQUATOR EQUATOR EQUATOR EQUATOR SOUTHERN HEMISPHERE http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.jayzeebear.com/map/world.gif&imgrefurl=http://www.jayzeebear.com/map/&h=331&w=640&sz=15&tbnid=9zrN2Ci37VAJ:&tbnh=69&tbnw=135&hl=en&start=1&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dmap%2Bof%2Bthe%2Bworld%26svnum%3D10%26hl%3Den%26lr%3D http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.jayzeebear.com/map/world.gif&imgrefurl=http://www.jayzeebear.com/map/&h=331&w=640&sz=15&tbnid=9zrN2Ci37VAJ:&tbnh=69&tbnw=135&hl=en&start=1&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dmap%2Bof%2Bthe%2Bworld%26svnum%3D10%26hl%3Den%26lr%3D

WESTERN HEMISPHERE EASTERN HEMISPHERE PRIME MERIDIAN WESTERN HEMISPHERE EASTERN HEMISPHERE http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.jayzeebear.com/map/world.gif&imgrefurl=http://www.jayzeebear.com/map/&h=331&w=640&sz=15&tbnid=9zrN2Ci37VAJ:&tbnh=69&tbnw=135&hl=en&start=1&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dmap%2Bof%2Bthe%2Bworld%26svnum%3D10%26hl%3Den%26lr%3D

Which city is located close to 27° 30’N, 99° 20’W? Which cities are located close to 33° 55’N, 97° 30’W?

Special Parallels TROPICS Tropic of Cancer 23° 30’ N Tropic of Capricorn 23° 30’ S CIRCLES Artic Circle 66° 33’ S Antarctic Circle 66° 33’ S

MAIN IDEA WHY IT MATTERS NOW 1 The world is an enormous place. Finding your way around such a vast landscape would be almost impossible without the aid of maps. Maps can tell you about a place’s relative location and its absolute location on a geographic grid. WHY IT MATTERS NOW In our increasingly global community, you may need to describe your location to others and find your way to distant places.

History of Texas Maps TIMELINE 1500–1900 1520 Alonso Álvarez de Piñeda’s crew sketches first Spanish map of Texas 1569 Gerardus Mercator invents cylindrical map projection 1684 On La Salle expedition, Minet draws first French map of Texas 1728 Francisco Álvarez Barreiro draws first detailed map of inland Texas 1790s Philip Nolan creates first accurate Anglo American map of Texas 1830 Stephen F. Austin maps his settlement based on accurate survey 1844 William Hemsley Emory maps West Texas and the Mexican border

Fitting the Earth on a page? Maps are drawn to scale to create a smaller representation of a place It is difficult to fit the round, curved Earth on flat paper but cartographers have done their best. They had to take the image of the earth (curved surface) and transfer it to a flat surface (a map). *Cartographers are people who make maps.

Different Types of Projections Each has a specific purpose and distinctive distortions.

Maps “to scale” Most maps are drawn to scale. This means that the distances on a map are proportionate to actual distances on earth. For example, a map of Texas might have a scale of 1 inch = 100 miles. That means if you measure from one city to another (on a Texas map) and it is 2 inches apart, those two cities would be 200 miles apart. (shown on another slide) There are 3 ways to show sale on a map. 1. Graphic scale 2. Written scale 3. Fractional scale

MAIN IDEA WHY IT MATTERS NOW 2 Many different factors must be considered when creating a map. Most importantly, mapmakers must consider purpose, size, and accuracy. WHY IT MATTERS NOW For a map to be useful, it is important to select the one that will best show the information you need.

( Think of general purpose maps – Think of most classroom maps) Types of Maps General Purpose -Tells where places are and some information about the area Examples: *Physical maps (shows the natural features, or topography, of an area such as its mountains, valleys, rivers, and lakes) These are also called elevation maps. *Physical-political maps (show units such as city, county, state, or country boundaries as well as some key features like mountain ranges, rivers, and bays) ( Think of general purpose maps – Think of most classroom maps)

Types of Maps Special Purpose Maps -Tells something specific about the area -Sometimes called thematic maps) (Examples: city street maps, precipitation maps, historical maps)

AVERAGE ANNUAL PRECIPITATION IN TEXAS Special Purpose Map AVERAGE ANNUAL PRECIPITATION IN TEXAS

Common Map Features Title (What is the map’s theme?) Scale Location Symbols Key WILSON’S RANCH Wilson Ranch

What can you learn from maps? Use to study far away places Used everyday on the news to show weather Used even to find places in the mall How else are maps used?

MAIN IDEA WHY IT MATTERS NOW 3 Different types of maps answer different questions. Some provide general information, while others show more specific data. WHY IT MATTERS NOW Knowing how to read different types of maps can help you better understand your world.

Maps use relative and absolute location to identify where places are on the earth. Various types of maps provide different kinds of information for the reader. Mapmakers consider factors such as the purpose and the size of the map. Map provide us with a great deal of information about our surroundings

TEKS AND TAKS TEKS: 7.8A 7.9A 7.21B,C,H 7.22A, C, D 7.23B MA 7.12A TA 4A, 11A TAKS: Grade 8 SS: 5(8.30 B,C) Grade 7 MA: 5(7.12A)