Babies and small human beings! Chapter 3 Infancy and Childhood

Section 1 - Objective Physical, Perceptual, and Language Development Understand that as infants grow physically, they also develop cognitive skills, perceptions, and language.

Define the following vocab words: Developmental Psychology Grasping Reflex Rooting Reflex Maturation Telegraphic speech

What are the 3 issues developmental psychologists look at? 1) Continuity vs. stages of development 2) Stability vs. Change 3) Nature vs. Nurture Explain each of these

What ways are capacities measured in newborns? Sucking Turning Head Looking at/for things Cry Smile Show fright or surprise

Diagram the Maturation timetable. This timeline indicates the amount of time it should take an infant to learn simple skills, such as: motor functions, body support, pulling up, crawling, creeping, and walking. These are the first signs of intelligence, along with the ability to speak and understand words. Diagram the Maturation timetable. This can be found on page 64 Figure 3.2

What could cause this timetable to be thrown off? Underfed Restriction of Movement Deprivation of Human Contact Under of Over stimulation

What does the visual cliff experiment teach us? Explain this experiment. Infants learn through experience. What are some other examples of this concept?

What is one of the 1st signs of great intellectual development? The acquisition of language. This is seen by scientists as the only real way to tell if a young child has a high intellectual capacity. Any other tests could be skewed by muscular development or some other intervening variable. Are there any intervening variables that might alter these results.

How do animals talk to humans, and what makes it different? They uses symbols to communicate simple ideas with human beings. Most often this is done with sign language. Examples of this can be seen with primates learning and using sign language. While animals can learn simple sign language, they can not use grammar properly. This is due to the animals brain not having the capacity for this. They will make very simple sentences.

What are the steps for learning a language? Student What are the steps for learning a language? étudiant allievo 1 Learn to make the signs (symbols) 2 Learn meaning of signs (symbols) 3 Learn grammar студент 學生

Outline a child’s language development form 1 year old to 5 years old. 1st year- Babbling sounds 2nd year- vocab of 5 to 15 hundred words 3rd year- use 2 word phrases/ Simple grammar 4th year- use of future tense/ ask questions in adult form 5th year- accumulate 5 -10 vocab words daily / complex clause Outline a child’s language development form 1 year old to 5 years old.

Section 1 Recap Physical, Perceptual, and Language Development ■ Some psychologists believe that most behaviors are the result of genetics—nature. Others believe that most behaviors are the result of experience and learning—nurture. ■ The newborn is capable of certain inherited, automatic, coordinated movement patterns, called reflexes, which are triggered by the right stimulus. ■ Infants experience rapid development through maturation and learning. ■ Depth perception increases in older infants. ■ There are several steps involved in learning language. Section 1 Recap Physical, Perceptual, and Language Development Main Idea: Infants are born equipped to experience the world. As infants grow physically, they also develop perceptions and language.

Section 2 - Objective Cognitive and Emotional Development Discuss how as the thought processes of children develop, they begin to think, communicate and relate with others, and solve problems.

Define the following vocab words: Schema Assimilation Accommodation Object permanence Representational thought Conservation Egocentric Imprinting Critical Period

What 2 things are intellectual development based on? Quantitative Changes This is the amount of information Qualitative Changes This is the manner of thinking

How are assimilation and accommodation different? Uses a pre- existing schemas Accommodation Alters schema to new information

Outline the stages of object permanence. 1-7 months Thinks object ceases to exist 7-12 months will look in close proximity to its last appearance 12-18 months Looks in last place seen 18-24 months looks to find in complex places, knows it is still there

Give an example of conservation development. This is when a child can not think about height and width at the same time. See the example by Piaget in the chapter on page 73.

Chart Piaget’s stages of Cognitive Development. Sensorimotor (0-2) Motor responses to stimuli, no object permanence Preoperational (2-7) Egocentric thinking, lacks conservation, uses symbols to solve simple problems Concrete operational (7-11) Starts learning conservation, trouble with abstract ideas, can classify, masters conservation Formal operational (11-adult) Understands abstract ideas & hypothetical situations, capable of logical & deductive reasoning

Explain Harlow’s experiment. What does it tell us? Explanation How this is related to humans Monkeys were removed from their mothers at birth and placed with other infant monkeys in captivity. They were subjected to loud noises and flashing lights, to create fear, to see which artificial mother they would move to. One mother was made of steel wires and had food, the other was covered with terry cloth and had no food. The majority of the monkeys went to the monkey covered with terry cloth. Like the monkeys children will seek out comfort. This is also the case for adults. This helps to explain the importance of touching and human contact. Coach Simpson will now explain why this is important to you and your future children May the supreme being help us all if you procreate!

Outline attachment in human infants. 6 months 1 signs of attachment 6 months -3 years deep, caring, &enduring emotional bonds 3 years- adult can remember &imagine mother/ can even have relationship in her absence

Explain each of the following: Secure Attachment Needs to be close, but will explore (will come back to) Avoidant Attachment Disapprove of mother leaving (ignore when she comes back) Resistance Attachment Does not care when left alone, but are angry upon return Disorganized Attachment Confused and act inconsistently

Section 2 Recap Cognitive and Emotional Development ■ Children’s knowledge of the world changes through the processes of assimilation and accommodation. ■ Piaget described the changes that occur in children’s understanding in four stages of cognitive development. ■ Infants begin to develop emotionally by attaching to specific people, usually their mothers. Section 2 Recap Cognitive and Emotional Development Main Idea: As the thought processes of children develop, they begin to think, communicate and relate with others, and solve problems.

Section 3 - Objective Parenting Styles and Social Development Describe the social decisions children face as they grow and progress through the stages of life.

Define the following vocab words: Authoritarian family Democratic Family Permissive Laissez-faire family Socialization Identification Sublimation Role Taking

What type of family are you from? Answer using a TV family

Establishment of limits of children Response to children with warmth Why are children from democratic/authoritarian families more confident? Establishment of limits of children Response to children with warmth

What causes children of democratic families to make decisions better than others? 1) Assumptions of responsibility are gradual 2) Identify with parents  they do not treat as incompetent 3) Parents present a model of responsible, cooperative, and independence to be imitated

Summarize the section on child abuse. Causes: Formerly abused parents Low patientce level Unrealistic expectations Stress Children less responsive & more difficult to care for Effects: Child has loss trust Guilt Anti-social behavior Depression/ Emotional Problems Identity crisis/ Low self esteem Reduction: Parent Education Child Abuse laws

What are the dimensions of socialization? 1st Learning the rules 2nd Acquiring identities 3rd Living with others & yourself

Diagram Freud’s Stages of Psychosexual Development. Oral - Weening Anal – Potty Training Phallic – competition w/ same sex parent Latency – sexual desires pushed away Genital – giving pleasure = getting pleasure See also Figure 3.13 on page 82 in textbook

Diagram Erikson’s Stages of Psychosexual Development. Stage 1 – Trust vs. Mistrust Early infancy – Is my world predictable and supportive? Stage 2 – Autonomy vs. Shame & Doubt 1 – 3 years old – Can I do things myself or must I rely on others?

Diagram Erikson’s Stages of Psychosexual Development. Stage 3 – Initiative vs. Guilt 3 – 6 years old – Am I good or bad? Stage 4 – Industry vs. Inferiority 6 – 12 years old – Am I successful or worthless?

Diagram Erikson’s Stages of Psychosexual Development. Stage 5 – Identity vs. Role confusion Early teens – Who am I? Stage 6 – Intimacy vs. Isolation Young adult – Shall I share my life with someone or live alone?

Diagram Erikson’s Stages of Psychosexual Development. Stage 7 – Generativity vs. Stagnation Middle adult – Will I succeed in life? Stage 8 – Ego integrity vs. Despair Older adult - Have I lived a full life? See also Figue 3.14 on page 84 in your textbook

Diagram Kohlberg’s Stages of Moral Development Diagram Kohlberg’s Stages of Moral Development. Give an example for each stage. Pre-Conventional Stages 1 2 Orientation Obedience & Punishment Instrumental relativist Reference Group Self Immediate family Example It is ok to steal if you do not get caught Stealing helps his family

Diagram Kohlberg’s Stages of Moral Development Diagram Kohlberg’s Stages of Moral Development. Give an example for each stage. Conventional Stages 3 4 Orientation Good boy/Nice girl Law & order Reference Group Extended family Self serving view of society Example His in-laws will respect him if he steals the drug It is illegal to steal

Diagram Kohlberg’s Stages of Moral Development Diagram Kohlberg’s Stages of Moral Development. Give an example for each stage. Post-Conventional Stages 5 6 Orientation Social contract Universal ethics principle Reference Group Interactive view of society Balanced cost/benefit analysis of self/society Example Ok to steal because your are being over charged If the situation was reversed, Would it be ok for him to steal from me?

Section 3 Recap Parenting Styles and Social Development ■ There are four basic parenting styles— authoritarian, democratic or authoritative, permissive or laissez-faire, and uninvolved. ■ Socialization is the process of learning the rules of behavior of one’s culture. ■ Freud’s theory of psychosexual development suggests that all children are born with powerful sexual and aggressive urges, and in learning to control these impulses, children acquire a sense of right and wrong. ■ Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development suggests that the need for social approval is important. ■ The cognitive-developmental theories of development suggest that social development is the result of the child trying to make sense out of his experiences. ■ Kohlberg suggested that humans progress through six stages of moral reasoning. Section 3 Recap Parenting Styles and Social Development Main Idea: Children face various social decisions as they grow and progress through the stages of life.