B. Sun, Minischool on the Physics of NUSTAR, June 8-11, 2009 Mass Measurement Collaboration G. Audi, K. Beckert, P. Beller, F. Bosch, D. Boutin, T. Buervenich, L. Chen, I. J. Cullen, B. Fabian, T. Faestermann, B. Franzke, H. Geissel, M. Hausmann, P. Kienle, O. Klepper, C. Kozhuharov, K.-L. Kratz, R. Knöbel, S.A. Litvinov, Yu.A. Litvinov, Z. Liu, L. Maier, J. Meng, G. Münzenberg, F. Nolden, T. Ohtsubo, A. Ozawa, Z. Patyk, B. Pfeiffer, W.R. Plass, T. Radon, H. Schatz, C. Scheidenberger, J. Stadlmann, M. Steck, B. Sun, S. Typel, D.J. Vieira, P.M. Walker, H. Weick, M. Winkler, H. Wollnik, T. Yamaguchi and FRS-ESR collabration

B. Sun, Minischool on the Physics of NUSTAR, June 8-11, 2009 Precise Mass Measurements of relativistic exotic Nuclei in Storage Rings Introduction High-precision mass spectrometry Summary and Outlook Bao-Hua Sun

B. Sun, Minischool on the Physics of NUSTAR, June 8-11, 2009 Motivation UNCLEAR PHYSICS NUCLEAR PHYSICS

B. Sun, Minischool on the Physics of NUSTAR, June 8-11, 2009 Motivation  Nuclear physics  Nuclear astrophysics  Others Fundamental interactions and Standard-Model Metrology: fundamental constants, Kg.. ….. Paths of nucleosynthesis Element abundance … Nuclear Mass M(N, Z) = Z·m p + N·m p - B(N, Z)/c 2 Total Binding energies Separation energy, drip-line Shell, subshell closure, pairing Deformation New phenomena: decay mode, halo nuclei New isomer, new isotope Reaction Q-value Test nuclear model or formula …

B. Sun, Minischool on the Physics of NUSTAR, June 8-11, 2009 Up to 2003 AME’2003 Nuclear Chart

B. Sun, Minischool on the Physics of NUSTAR, June 8-11, 2009 < 100 keV required Mass Accuracy

B. Sun, Minischool on the Physics of NUSTAR, June 8-11, 2009  T<0.1s Half-lives

B. Sun, Minischool on the Physics of NUSTAR, June 8-11, 2009 K.Blaum,Phys.Rep.425,1(2006) Worldwide Mass spectrometry

B. Sun, Minischool on the Physics of NUSTAR, June 8-11, 2009 ~ 5 s5 - 30~ 2·10 6 Fission, Fragmentation In-Flight Storage Ring Schottky FRS-ESR SMS, GSI ~ 50  s ~ 1002*10 5 Fission, Fragmentation In-Flight Storage Ring Isochronous FRS-ESR IMS, GSI – – – 1000 Mass Accuracy [keV] ~ 1 s ~ 30 ms ~ 50  s ~ 1  s Measurement Duration 10 6 – 10 7 ISOLPenning TrapISOTRAP CERN ~10 5 ISOLRF Spectrometer MISTRAL CERN 3·10 4 Fusion, Fragmentation CyclotronCSS2 GANIL 10 4 Fragmentation In-Flight B  -TOF Spectrometer SPEG GANIL Mass Resolving Power Production Separation TechniqueFacility Mass Accuracy Half-live limitation Mass Spectrometry

B. Sun, Minischool on the Physics of NUSTAR, June 8-11, 2009 Ion Sources UNILAC SIS ESR GSI Accelerator Facility Today SHIP Reaction Setup LAND - ALADIN FRS Experimental Areas 11.4 MeV/u U 73+ Up to 1000 MeV/u U 92+ 2*10 9 pps 238 U 4+

B. Sun, Minischool on the Physics of NUSTAR, June 8-11, 2009 Production & Separation of Exotic Nuclei Highly-Charged Ions (0, 1, 2 … bound electrons) In-Flight separation within ~ 500 ns Cocktail or mono-isotopic beams Transmission to the ESR of about 1% Primary MeV/u Projectile fragmentation and fission Pereira et al., PRC 75, 14602(2007)

B. Sun, Minischool on the Physics of NUSTAR, June 8-11, 2009 The Fragment Separator FRS

B. Sun, Minischool on the Physics of NUSTAR, June 8-11, 2009 The Experimental Storage Ring ESR

B. Sun, Minischool on the Physics of NUSTAR, June 8-11, 2009 SMS and IMS

B. Sun, Minischool on the Physics of NUSTAR, June 8-11, 2009 Time-resolved SMS B. Franzke, H. Geissel, G. Münzenberg

B. Sun, Minischool on the Physics of NUSTAR, June 8-11, 2009 electron collector electron gun high voltage platform magnetic field electron beam ion beam Principle of electron cooling Same mean velocity of e - and ions; strong magnetic guiding field; substitution of e - after a cycle rel. ion velocity v/v 0 ion intensity before cooling after cooling The idea of electron cooling is a heat exchange through Coulomb scattering between hot heavy particles (antiprotons) and cold electrons while the beams are mixed in a cooling section.

B. Sun, Minischool on the Physics of NUSTAR, June 8-11, 2009 Electron cooler The 250 keV electron cooler at the ESR

B. Sun, Minischool on the Physics of NUSTAR, June 8-11, 2009 SMS: Broad Band Frequency Spectra

B. Sun, Minischool on the Physics of NUSTAR, June 8-11, 2009 SMS Sensitivity to single ion  discovery of new isomer, new isotope B. Sun et al., EPJA 31 (2007) 393 Characteristic of Time-resolved SMS

B. Sun, Minischool on the Physics of NUSTAR, June 8-11, 2009 SMS Sensitivity to single ion  discovery of new isomer, new isotope Time-correlated measurement   identification, mass, lifetime Characteristic of Time-resolved SMS Lifetime = 193 s As complimentary tools to  -ray spectrometry

B. Sun, Minischool on the Physics of NUSTAR, June 8-11, 2009 SMS Sensitivity to single ion Time-correlated measurement High precision: By restricting over a small frequency range we minimize ion-optical nonlinearities and achieve the mass accuracy of  m/m=4.3*10 -8 for A= Tc 42+ and 93g Mo 42+ as references:: ME( 93 Tc)=-83603(4) keV; ME( 93g Mo)=-86803(4) keV  to determine the mass of 93m Mo 42+ H. Geissel et al., Eur. Phys. J. Special Topics (2007) Characteristic of Time-resolved SMS

B. Sun, Minischool on the Physics of NUSTAR, June 8-11, 2009 SMS Sensitivity to single ion Time-correlated measurement High precision: Large-scale mass measurements Characteristic of Time-resolved SMS

B. Sun, Minischool on the Physics of NUSTAR, June 8-11, 2009 Isochronous Mass Spectrometry H. Wollnik, Y. Fujita, H. Geissel, G. Münzenberg, et al.

B. Sun, Minischool on the Physics of NUSTAR, June 8-11, 2009 Revolution time spectrum About 13% in mass-over-charge range m/q range: Nuclei with half-lives as short as 17  s R TOF =60 000

B. Sun, Minischool on the Physics of NUSTAR, June 8-11,  s isomeric state in 133 Sb IMS: resolving power (FWHM) Genevey et al., EPJA 7, 463 (2000) Expected half-live of bare isomer: ~ 17 ms,  t ~991 R IMS =

B. Sun, Minischool on the Physics of NUSTAR, June 8-11, 2009 IMS Sensitivity to single ion High precision: ~10 -6 Large-scale mass measurements Characteristic of IMS N Z B.Sun et al., NPA 812 (2008)1

B. Sun, Minischool on the Physics of NUSTAR, June 8-11, 2009 Comparisons with nuclear mass models

B. Sun, Minischool on the Physics of NUSTAR, June 8-11, 2009 Shell evolution at N=50 Independent experimental information

B. Sun, Minischool on the Physics of NUSTAR, June 8-11, 2009 Influence on the r-process calculation n n =10 20 cm -3, T=1.5*10 9 K

B. Sun, Minischool on the Physics of NUSTAR, June 8-11, 2009 Experimental proton-neutron interaction p-n interactions are sensitive to the spatial overlaps Of the proton and neutron wave functions

B. Sun, Minischool on the Physics of NUSTAR, June 8-11, 2009 Experimental proton-neutron interaction p-n interactions are sensitive to the spatial overlaps Of the proton and neutron wave functions L. Chen et al., PRL, 2009

B. Sun, Minischool on the Physics of NUSTAR, June 8-11, 2009 Schottky Mass Spectrometery: Time-resolved, half-live, masses Mass accuracy: 30 keV Mass resolving power: 2·10 6 T 1/2 : > 1s Isochronous Mass Spectrometry: First large-scale measurement Mass accuracy: ≈ 100 keV Mass resolving power: 2 ∙10 5 T 1/2 : ~ 50  s Summary Masses of more than 1100 Nuclides were measured Results: ~ 350 new masses In addition more than 300 improved mass values

B. Sun, Minischool on the Physics of NUSTAR, June 8-11, 2009 Georg Christoph Lichtenberg ( ) “Man muß etwas Neues machen, um etwas Neues zu sehen.” “You have to make something new, if you want to see something new” Next generation

B. Sun, Minischool on the Physics of NUSTAR, June 8-11, 2009 UNILAC SIS FRS ESR SIS 100/200 HESR Super FRS NESR CR Facility for Antiproton and Ion Research Increase beam intensities: a factor of for primary beam a factor of for secondary beam Broad energy range: up to 2 GeV/u Storage & cooler rings Increased precision, sensitivity Reach the limits of nuclear stability New phenomena Nucleosynthesis paths … Isomeric Beams, Lifetimes and Masses

B. Sun, Minischool on the Physics of NUSTAR, June 8-11, 2009 References for further reading D. Lunney, J.M. Pearson, C. Thibault, Rev. Mod. Phys. 75 (2003) K. Blaum, Phys. Rep. 425 (2006) 1. B. Franzke, H. Geissel, G. Münzenberg, Mass Spectrom. Rev. 27 (2008) 428.T. Radon, et al., Nucl. Phys. A 677 (2000) 75. T. Radon, et al., Nucl. Phys. A 677 (2000) 75. Yu.A. Litvinov, et al., Nucl. Phys. A 756 (2005) 3. M. Hausmann, et al., Nucl. Instrum. Methods A 446 (2000) 569. B. Sun, et al., Phys. Rev. C 78 (2008) and references therein

B. Sun, Minischool on the Physics of NUSTAR, June 8-11, 2009 Thank you for you attention !!!