How to Teach Writing

Purposes of Writing  Entertain  Inform  Explain  Persuade  Reflect

PURPOSES FOR WRITING  Entertain Writing that entertains gives the reader something to enjoy. It includes colorful language to help your ideas come alive on the page.  Inform Writing that provides interesting details and facts to hold an audience’s attention. Sharing what you know lets your audience learn about them, too. You can share by writing to inform your audience.

 Explain Writing that explains can answer “how to” questions. When you write to explain, you tell a reader how to follow steps and complete a task.  Persuade Persuasive writing helps a writer to share opinions, and try to convince a reader to think, or act a certain way. Opinions are statements of what you believe. The writer always uses facts to back up an opinion.

 Reflect Reflective writing tells how you see things around you. Some writing shows how a writer feels and thinks. These pieces use colorful words to create pictures in the reader’s mind.

Types of Writing  Story Narrative  Expository Writing  Explanatory Writing  Persuasive Writing  Writing That Compares  Personal Narrative

How should teachers correct writing  Specify type of mistakes you want to correct.  Use symbols for correction (S: spelling, WO: word order etc).  Use comments at the end of the work.  Talk to students about their mistakes.  Make sure that students understand their mistakes and reconsider them.

Helping students to get started  Brainstorming  Clustering  Strategic questioning  Sketching  Free-writing  Exploring the senses  Interviewing  Information gathering

Activities for writing  Letters  Newspaper articles  Menus  Posters  News bulletin  Application forms  Description of something  Sending s  Invitations of different kinds

How to Teach Speaking

Importance of the speaking skill  Rehearsal -It is an opportunity for students to reinforce what they have studied and use it for communication. It also helps students to feel the language and get encouraged for real-life events.

 Feedback -It provides feedback for both teacher and students for what they have learnt so far. Thus will give students and teacher enormous confidence and satisfaction.

 Engagement - Speaking activities should motivate and engage students in participating fully in the language speaking tasks.

How should teachers correct speaking -

Activities for the Speaking Skill  Describe and arrange  Find the differences (pictures)  Things people like to do  Free discussions  Role-play  Problem-solving  Free-talks

How to Teach Listening

Purposes of teaching the Listening skill  First let students hear different varieties and accents.  Second let students be aware of different grammar and vocabulary.  Third it helps students to acquire language subconsciously.  The skill of listening can be enhanced by the more students practice it.

Important principles for teaching the listening skill 1.The tape recorder is just as important as the tape. 2.Preparation is vital. 3.Once will not be enough 4.Students should be encouraged to respond to the content of a listening, not just to the language. 5.Different listening stages demand different listening tasks. 6.Good teachers exploit listening texts to the full.

Techniques for processing authentic video materials  Silent viewing  Soundtrack only  Beginning only  Ending only  Split viewing (one)  Split viewing (two)  Freezing the picture

Using and considering textbooks  Price  Availability  Layout and design  Skills  Syllabus  Methodology  Topic  Stereotyping  Teacher’s guide

How to Teach Reading

Purposes of Reading  for pleasure or for personal reasons  to find general information such as what a book is mostly about  to find a specific topic in a book or article  to learn subject matter that is required for a class

Types of Reading  Scanning type of reading - For example, scanning a telephone book: - You are looking for it quickly. - You know what you are searching for (key words and names). - You 'see' every item on the page, but you don't necessarily read the pages - you ignore anything you are not looking for. Thus, when you discover the key words being searched for, you will be unable to recall the exact content of the page.

 Skimming type of reading - When you read quickly to gain a general impression as to whether the text is of use to you. You are not necessarily searching for a specific item and key words. Skimming provides an 'overview' of the text. Skimming is useful to look at chapter/section headings, summaries and opening paragraphs. The purpose of skimming: - To check relevance of text. - Sets the scene for the more concentrated effort that is to follow, if the text is useful.

 Light type of reading - Reading for leisure tends to be 'light': - Read at a pace which feels comfortable. - Read with understand. - Skim the boring, irrelevant passages. - An average light reading speed is words per minute. This form of reading does not generally require detailed concentration.

 Word by word type reading - This type of reading is time consuming and demands a high level of concentration. Some material is not readily understood and so requires a slow and careful analytical read. People use this type of reading for unfamiliar words and concepts, scientific formulae. It can take up to an hour just to read a few lines of text

 Reading to study type of reading - A method of reading for study is called SQ3R2, (SQ3R, SQ4R, PSQ5R) the aim is to understand the material in some depth. The method involves five simple steps; Survey, Question, Read, Recall and Review.SQ3R2SQ3RSQ4R PSQ5R - Survey: skim through to gain an overview and not key points. - Question: devise questions you hope the text will answer. - Read: slowly and carefully. - Recall: from memory, write down the main points made by the chapter. - Review: revisit your questions - compare these to your recall and establish how well the text has answered them; fill in any gaps by further reading and note-taking.

Practice and speed reading  Question: I'm currently interested in speed reading, a possibly useful augmentation on my natural state, I'm not sure about it's effectiveness (or even possible effectiveness). A bit curious about the experiences of others, and of possible studies into the subject. So, the question is, do you happen to have some information that might help me?

 Answer: A few things to look at: 1. How much do you read? 2. How often do you read? 3. How much do you enjoy reading?

Speed Reading: (cont.) Speed reading is a skill that is acquired after much reading. I started heavily reading at the age of 10 and by the time I was I could speed read flawlessly. That skill has not degraded at all over the years. I think the more you read the more your mind adapts to it, to were eventually it will pick out the most important words, naturally to were with less words you understand it as well as if you read every word or the whole sentence.

Activities for Reading Fifteen-Minute Reading Activities by the National PTA Make 15 minutes go a long way. Try these quick reading activities with your younger kids. reading  1. License to read. On car trips, make it a game to point out and read license plates, billboards, and interesting road signs.car trips  2. Better than TV. Swap evening TV for a good action story or tale of adventure.Swap evening TV  3. Look and listen. Too tired to read aloud? Listen to a book on tape and turn the book's pages with your children. You'll still be reading with them!book on tape

 4. Labels, labels, labels. Label things in your children's room as they learn to name them. Have fun while they learn that written words are connected to everyday things.fun while they learn  5. Pack a snack, pack a book. Going someplace where there might be a long wait? Bring along a snack and a bag of favorite books.  6. Recipe for reading. The next time you cook with your children, read the recipe with them. Step-by- step instructions, ingredients, and measurements are all part of words in print!ingredients  7. Shop and read. Notice and read signs and labels in the supermarket. Back home, putting away groceries is another great time for reading labels.

 8. Your long-distance lap. Away on a business trip? Take a few books with you, call home, and have your child curl up by the phone for a good night story.good night story  9. A reading pocket. Slip fun things to read into your pocket to bring home: a comic strip from the paper, a greeting card, or even a fortune cookie from lunch. Create a special, shared moment your child can look forward to every day.  10. A little longer? When your child asks to stay up a little longer, say yes and make it a 15-minute family reading opportunity.family reading