Paradise Holiday Resort, Bagamoyo, Tanzania 14-16 November 2007 School of Electrical and Information Engineering University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg The Impact of Radio Channel Variability on Broadband Throughput Rates in Different Parts of Tanzania by Peter Chitamu and Teddy Mwakabaga Centre for Telecommunications Access and Services School of Electrical & Information Eng. The University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg Tel: +27 11 717 7216 Email: peter.chitamu@wits.ac.za Web: http://www.ee.wits.ac.za/comms/ 5th International Conference on Open Access Paradise Holiday Resort, Bagamoyo, Tanzania 14-16 November 2007 Chitamu & Mwakabaga 5th International Confernence on Open Access

5th International Confernence on Open Access Outline Introduction Problem statement Underlying network capabilities for ICT Services Prevailing conditions in Tanzania System Modelling Results and Discussions Summary & Conclusions Chitamu & Mwakabaga 5th International Confernence on Open Access

5th International Confernence on Open Access ICT Services What has Changed? Chitamu & Mwakabaga 5th International Confernence on Open Access

Connectivity Challenges ICT services require different underlying network capabilities Capacity (Number of simultaneous connections) Reach / Coverage Throughput (bps) Other considerations based on above Transmission errors Connection delays (Network latency) Chitamu & Mwakabaga 5th International Confernence on Open Access

Multimedia Connectivity for the new User Global Connectivity & Content Distribution ? Internet (IPnet) Multi-Service Net Personal Multimedia Gateway PSTN Monitoring Station Residential or SOHO Chitamu & Mwakabaga 5th International Confernence on Open Access

Fixed-Mobile Access Configurations Example Operator Network 802.1x Hot Spot SOHO Tele-Working Chitamu & Mwakabaga 5th International Confernence on Open Access

Convergence (Integrated) Services ICT Services require a flexible network to cope with wide ranging requirements Chitamu & Mwakabaga 5th International Confernence on Open Access

5th International Confernence on Open Access Provided Service Video Conferencing Video Telephony Tele-shopping TDD especially Suited for Asymmetrical Services and small area coverage FDD especially Suited for Symmetrical Services and Wide area coverage Electronic Newspaper Images / Soundfiles Tele-banking Financial Services Data Base Access Information Services E-mail FDD / TDD Voice 10 kbps 100 kbps 1 Mbps 10 Mbps Question: Who needs what ? Chitamu & Mwakabaga 5th International Confernence on Open Access

5th International Confernence on Open Access Main Classification is Error and Latency Tolerance Lea Skorin-Kapov, etal,”Analysis of End-to-End QoS for Networked Virtual Reality Services in UMTS”, IEEE Comms. Mag. April 2004, pp. 49-55 Chitamu & Mwakabaga 5th International Confernence on Open Access

Telecomms. Connectivity Major Events All-IP 2006 1986 1991 2002 Fixed-Line Fixed-Line Mobile (1G) (More fixed) Fixed-Line Mobile (1G & 2G) (Fixed declining) Fixed-Line Mobile (2G & 3G) (More Mobile) Voice on PSTN Data on PDSN Broadcasting Voice on PSTN Voice on 1G Data on PDSN Broadcasting Inter-working PSTN & PDSN (Packet & Circuit Switching) Broadcasting Convergence PSTN & PDSN Broadcasting (Limited) Fixed & Mobile Convergence Separate Voice from Data Paradigm Multimedia Communication Chitamu & Mwakabaga 5th International Confernence on Open Access

5th International Confernence on Open Access Problem Statement Chitamu & Mwakabaga 5th International Confernence on Open Access

5th International Confernence on Open Access What is the problem? Coverage Different operating areas impose different coverage requirements For low density users and hilly areas, operators has to build many sites to meet coverage requirements which increases cost of service provision Data Rates Achievable data rates in an area are directly linked to the quality of the reception Chitamu & Mwakabaga 5th International Confernence on Open Access

Problem: How to guarantee high data rates over large coverage area Chitamu & Mwakabaga 5th International Confernence on Open Access

5th International Confernence on Open Access M El-Sayed and J Jaffe, ”A View of Telecomms. Network Evolution”, IEEE Comms. Mag., Dec 2002, pp. 74-81 Chitamu & Mwakabaga 5th International Confernence on Open Access

5th International Confernence on Open Access System Modelling Chitamu & Mwakabaga 5th International Confernence on Open Access

Understanding of operating environments in Tanzania Propagation measurement campaign carried out Path loss models in representative areas of Tanzania Multipath delay spread Dense Urban, Urban, Sub-Urban, and Rural This information used to investigate how operating environment will impact on the currently broadband access networks iBurst, cdma2000 EV-DO and UMTS - HSDPA Chitamu & Mwakabaga 5th International Confernence on Open Access

Link Budget vs Data Rate PT(max) PT(min) PR(max) Dynamic Range Quality of Received Signal PR(min) Distance Chitamu & Mwakabaga 5th International Confernence on Open Access

Example: Propagation Environments Soni Ngudu, Mwanza Njombe Mombo Chitamu & Mwakabaga 5th International Confernence on Open Access

5th International Confernence on Open Access Operating Environments make certain technologies very expensive to use outside Cities Chitamu & Mwakabaga 5th International Confernence on Open Access

5th International Confernence on Open Access Scatter Plots Chitamu & Mwakabaga 5th International Confernence on Open Access

Multipath selected Results -6 dB Chitamu & Mwakabaga 5th International Confernence on Open Access

Multipath selected Results -6 dB Chitamu & Mwakabaga 5th International Confernence on Open Access

Multipath selected Results Pre-Cursors and Post-cursors Nearby echos and a group from far Chitamu & Mwakabaga 5th International Confernence on Open Access

Average path loss profiles PL(d) [dB] = PL(do) + 10 nMF log(d/do) + σ Flat terrain with light vegetation (e.g. Mwanza) Undulating landscape, with moderate vegetation (e.g. Njombe, Iringa, many parts of Morogoro) Hilly and heavily forested (Lushoto, USA River) Chitamu & Mwakabaga 5th International Confernence on Open Access

5th International Confernence on Open Access Results & Discussions Chitamu & Mwakabaga 5th International Confernence on Open Access

5th International Confernence on Open Access Assumptions Networks not loaded to influence coverage Use average path loss models from propagation measurements Target BER of at least 10-6 for data rate of 500 kbps and 1.5 Mbps No link improvements through diversity, adaptive modulation, etc Only physical network speed as influenced by Eb/No specification and no flow or error control mechanisms applied Chitamu & Mwakabaga 5th International Confernence on Open Access

Impact of Data Rate Variability Chitamu & Mwakabaga 5th International Confernence on Open Access

5th International Confernence on Open Access EV-DO at 800 MHz Chitamu & Mwakabaga 5th International Confernence on Open Access

5th International Confernence on Open Access iBurst at 1790 MHz Chitamu & Mwakabaga 5th International Confernence on Open Access

5th International Confernence on Open Access HSDPA at 2100 MHz Chitamu & Mwakabaga 5th International Confernence on Open Access

5th International Confernence on Open Access Summary To make ICT Services widely accessible, the issue of connectivity platforms needs to be carefully considered Tanzanian market is cost conscious Understanding of the operating environments enable network designers to optimised Coverage, Capacity and throughput to meet the requirements for the wide range of ICT services Tanzania operating environment are mostly coverage limited with users in undulating and hilly terrain. More work needs to be done to understand how operating environments influence both cost and type of ICT services that can be cost-effectively offered in different areas of Tanzania Chitamu & Mwakabaga 5th International Confernence on Open Access